The AL-HAYAT Research Journal (AHRJ), accredited in the Y Category by HJRS, HEC and published by the AL-HAYAT RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED. It is a quarterly, trilingual (English, Arabic, Urdu), double-blind, peer-reviewed, open-access journal, available online (ISSN 3006-4767) and in print (ISSN 3006-4759). AHRJ promotes interreligious harmony, multidisciplinary research, academic excellence, intellectual exchange, and open-access knowledge while empowering emerging scholars. It bridges academia and society, fostering understanding and global peace by providing a platform for critical insights across Religious Studies, Social Sciences, and Arts and Humanities.
AL-HAYAT RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED
A Comparative and Analytical Study of Women’s Rights Legislation in Saudi Arabia and Malaysia in the Light of Islamic Teachings
Women’s rights and their legal empowerment remain central to contemporary socio-legal discourse across the Muslim world. This study presents a qualitative, comparative, and critical analysis of the legislative frameworks governing women’s rights in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and Malaysia, evaluated through the lens of Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh) and the Higher Objectives of Islamic Law (Maqasid al-Shariah). The paper examines how both nations navigate the balance between traditional Islamic legal principles and contemporary legislative demands regarding women's civil, political, economic, and family rights. Saudi Arabia, historically governed by uncodified Hanbali jurisprudence and a rigid guardianship (Wilayah) framework, has undergone transformative structural reforms under Vision 2030, culminating in the landmark Personal Status Law (2022), anti-harassment regulations, and the expansion of women's labor force participation. Conversely, Malaysia operates a dual legal system where Federal Civil Acts (e.g., Domestic Violence Act 1994, Anti-Sexual Harassment Act 2022) coexist alongside state-level Syariah enactments (e.g., Islamic Family Law Act 1984), offering a codified, institutionalized, yet complex jurisdictional landscape. The analytical findings reveal that both legal models successfully demonstrate the adaptability of Islamic law to modern governance, aligning substantially with the core Maqasid of protecting life, dignity, lineage, and property. However, challenges persist: jurisdictional friction between civil and Syariah courts in Malaysia, and procedural implementation gaps in Saudi Arabia. The study concludes with policy recommendations advocating for Maqasidi Ijtihad (objective-oriented legal reasoning), enhanced legal literacy, and structural harmonization to strengthen female empowerment while preserving Islamic ethical foundations and human dignity.
Women’s Rights, Islamic Jurisprudence, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Maqasid al-Shariah, Codification, Personal Status Law, Comparative Legal Systems
Copyright (c) 2025 AL-HAYAT Research Journal (AHRJ) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative Review of Women's Rights Legislation in Pakistan and Iran in the Light of Islamic Teachings
In this review paper, a comparative doctrinal and socio-legal analysis of women’s rights laws in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran is provided with regard to these laws being compared to the normative standards set out in Islamic teachings. While both nations subjugate positive law to the Islamic criteria constitutionally, these nations come from a different jurisprudential basis wherein Pakistan relies on the Sunni Hanafi fiqh while Iran relies on the Twelver Ja’afari Shia fiqh. This paper will analyze its subject matter under the dichotomy provided in modern Islamic studies between sharia, which refers to the unchangeable Islamic divine law, and the humanly-made laws called fiqh. It traces Pakistan's oscillating legislative history from the reformist Muslim Family Laws Ordinance of 1961, through the regressive Hudood Ordinances of 1979, to the re-liberalising Protection of Women Act of 2006 and subsequent anti-honour-killing and anti-rape statutes. It focuses on the drastic turnaround from the progressive Family Protection Law of 1967 in Iran following the revolution, gender-based provisions of its Civil Code and Islamic Penal Code of 2013, compulsory veiling laws, and gradual reforms like that of the nationality law of 2019. Comparison of each of these issues related to marriage, divorce, inheritance, custody, violence against women, education, employment, and political participation shows that codification "in conformity with Islam" has not brought any gender equality in either country since both are placed at the bottom level of the World Economic Forum’s Gender Gap Index. It is argued in the paper that it is not the teachings of Islam, rather patriarchal interpretation of it through legislation and lack of consistency between legislative reform and social reality that is the real problem.
Women's rights; Islamic law; Pakistan; Iran; comparative legislation; maqasid al-shariah; family law; gender justice
Copyright (c) 2026 AL-HAYAT Research Journal (AHRJ) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Teachers' Readiness for Technology-Integrated Teaching in Public Sector Graduate Colleges: A Quantitative Study of Digital Competency, Institutional Barriers, and Professional Development Needs in Punjab, Pakistan
To implement technology-integrated teaching, teachers must learn more complicated skills that combine technical skill, pedagogical knowledge and understanding in the context in which the technology is used. It is a Quantitative study and Descriptive Survey approach with 300 teachers has been adopted for the study of their readiness for technology integrated teaching in public sector graduate colleges of Lahore city in Punjab, Pakistan. The participants consisted of 150 male and 150 female teachers (with mean experience 12.4 years, SD = 6.8) who were selected using stratified random sampling and were asked to complete the following validated questionnaires: Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK), digital competency, attitudes towards educational technology, institutional barriers, and professional development needs. Findings revealed substantial variation in technology readiness: 42% of teachers demonstrated high readiness (M = 3.84, SD = 0.56 on 5-point scale), 38% moderate readiness (M = 3.12, SD = 0.48), and 20% low readiness (M = 2.18, SD = 0.64; F(2,297) = 148.62, p < 0.001). The critical barriers were lack of technology tools (78%), less than 2 hours of professional development per year (72%) and pedagogical technology integration guidance (68%). Independent t-test results showed there was no significant difference between the overall readiness score of the two genders (t(298) = 1.24, p = 0.22); however there was a significant difference across the disciplines (F(3,296) = 8.14, p < 0.001), with computer science teachers more likely to be prepared compared to humanities teachers. There was a positive correlation between technology readiness with years of teaching experience (r = 0.38, p < 0.001), and negative correlation with age (r = -0.42, p < 0.001). The results of regression analysis showed that institutional support, prior PD and intrinsic motivation could explain 56% of the variance in technology readiness (R2 = 0.56, F(3,296) = 40.23, p<0.001). Qualitative findings (N = 20 teacher interviews) showed that teachers recognized the educational potential of technology, but experienced system issues that negatively impacted their ability to effectively integrate technology. It is recommended that HEC's policy frameworks establish standards for technology integration, institutional investment in infrastructure, teacher professional development is made mandatory with emphasis on technology (40+ hours per year), pedagogical guidance based on TPACK development, and incentives for early adopters. Multi-level intervention should be made – Policy level (HEC guidelines), institutional level (infrastructure and training) and individual level (motivation and skill development).
Teacher readiness, technology integrated teaching, teacher professional development, digital competency, TPACK, institutional barriers, educational innovation, higher education, Pakistan, teacher training
An Ecocritical Perspective on the Poetry of Naseer Ahmad Nasir
The environmental perspective has emerged as a significant area of literary inquiry in the twenty-first century, reflecting growing academic interest in ecological awareness and sustainability. Urdu literature is no exception to this global intellectual movement. Urdu poets, scholars, critics, and creative writers have increasingly incorporated environmental concerns into their literary works, thereby contributing to contemporary ecological discourse. Among these writers, Naseer Ahmad Nasir occupies a distinctive position for his thoughtful engagement with environmental issues. His poetry foregrounds pressing ecological challenges such as deforestation, the degradation of natural landscapes, biodiversity loss, and the escalating threat of global warming. Through vivid imagery, symbolic expression, and profound emotional insight, he not only depicts the fragile relationship between humanity and nature but also encourages readers to develop a deeper sense of environmental responsibility. Nasir's poetry transforms ecological concerns into a compelling literary experience, making environmental consciousness both aesthetically engaging and intellectually stimulating. His sensitive and evocative poetic vision inspires readers to reflect on the consequences of environmental degradation and the urgent need for sustainable coexistence with nature. This study critically examines the environmental dimensions of Naseer Ahmad Nasir's poetry, exploring how his literary vision contributes to the broader discourse of ecocriticism in contemporary Urdu literature.
Ecocriticism; Urdu Poetry; Naseer Ahmad Nasir; Environmental Literature; Ecological Consciousness; Environmental Degradation
Metaphorical Framing of Pakistan’s 2025 Flood: An Ecolinguistics Analysis of Selected Newspaper Articles
This study investigates the metaphorical framing of Pakistan’s 2025 flood through an ecolinguistics analysis of selected newspaper articles from Dawn and The Nation. Using Conceptual Metaphor Theory and a qualitative research approach, this study explores how language shapes public understanding of environmental disasters (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). The findings show that floods are frequently portrayed as violent agents, historical milestones, and material destroyers through war and conflict-related metaphors. The analysis also highlights themes of climate injustice, ecological imbalance, governance failure, and human responsibility. The study demonstrates that media discourse plays a significant role in influencing ecological awareness and shaping perceptions about climate-related crises in Pakistan.
STUDY THE IMPACT OF BROKEN FAMILY ON WORK PLACE
Privatization and opening of Pakistan Economic Started during 1990’s and it was the time from when the disintegration of family system started capitalization weakens the relationship among families which were based upon love and scarifies. The researcher selected this topic to determine the “Impact of broken families on Professional life. Research being qualitative and the research has tried to quantity the Impact of broken families on work place as this area seem to be still undiscovered for the last three decades, the Joint family structure in Pakistan is weakens up and the main reason could be the capitalization of Pakistani economy. The researcher has tried to look into the matter from new angle which remained untouched, ie: to calculate how much Professional life is causing harm to the family structure. Secondly, to calculate the impact of broken family on the work place. For this purpose, the Research methodology consisted of collection of data from primary sources i.e. by taking the responses from the divorces working at different organizations of Karachi. Questionnaires were used as research instruments/Tools. The population consisted of single parents of Karachi and the sample unit had people between 3 to 50 Years, of different income strata. Sample size of 50 single parents can professional was taken from residents of different Areas of Karachi for responding to questionnaires. Five-point Liker scale was used for collection of data. Collection and data Analysis eight questions were developed and the researcher collected data directly from the respondent. The data Analysis researched to the conclusion that the divorce rate in Pakistan is increasing. The result of the data gathered also substantive this fact, increasing the capitalization of the economy point of work over family. Lack of sacrifices among spouses and self-interest-oriented individuals are the main causes of disintegration of the family. Furthermore, this family grades among husband and wife affect the workplace drastically. As a result, the working capability as well as partiality of the employ is also affected.
Quality Assurance Implementation in the Graduate Education Policy 2023: A Qualitative Exploration of Barriers, Institutional Execution, and Outcomes in Pakistani Higher Education
This paper is based on a doctoral study that explored the quality assurance (QA) protocols that have been integrated in the implementation of Pakistan's Graduate Education Policy 2023 (GEP-2023). Through qualitative nature of the study, the data was gathered on issues of implementation, institutionalisation of execution and outcomes of the policy in the context of higher education in Pakistan. The evidence was gathered from eight public and private universities in Southern Punjab which were purposefully selected having active Quality Enhancement Cells (QECs) and Directorates of Advanced Studies and Research (DASR/ASRB) and Offices of Research, Innovation and Commercialization (ORIC). Purposeful sampling of the stakeholders was carried out which included 60 QEC Directors, DASR/ORIC officials, supervisors, faculty members, chairpersons / HODs and MS/MPhil/PhD scholars. Data was gathered via semi-structured interviews and documentary and observational approach to analyse the institutional records which were then analysed thematically in MAXQDA using open, axial and selective coding. The analysis showed that GEP-2023 had improved some of the aspects of QA practice like transparency in admission, research supervision, plagiarism checking, monitoring of research-ethics, external evaluation, norms of publication, grievance handling and role-play of the institutional QECs and DASR/ASRB offices. In the meantime, participants indicated that there were still implementation problems, including funding, lack of faculty, inexistent institutional capacities, institutional delays, lack of research facilities, pressure to publish and differences in enforcement between departments and universities. The paper concludes that, whilst GEP-2023 has been a good starting point to shift the culture of quality assurance of graduates, it will need to be further invested and monitored, professional learning will be needed, institutional leadership will need to be in place and supported, as well as student supports and policy requirements.
The Biography of the Prophet (ﷺ) for Children: A Comparative Study of Urdu and Arabic Literature"
This scholarly article presents a comparative and analytical study of Seerat literature written for children in Urdu and Arabic, examining selected works published between 1975 and 2010. The research critically evaluates the methodological approaches, stylistic features, linguistic structures, and educational objectives of both literary traditions. It explores how the sacred biography of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is adapted for young readers across different linguistic and cultural contexts, highlighting the distinctive characteristics of each tradition. The findings reveal that Urdu Seerat literature emphasizes narrative engagement and moral instruction, while Arabic literature prioritizes textual authenticity and scholarly rigor. The study further critiques modern misappropriations of children's Seerat literature in both languages, demonstrating how selective adaptations and oversimplifications distort the holistic Prophetic methodology. By situating Seerat discourse within its pedagogical, linguistic, and maqāṣid-based framework, this research contributes to contemporary debates on Islamic education, children's literature, and the ethics of religious instruction in early childhood. The article argues that an integrated approach combining narrative elegance with scholarly reliability is essential for effective Seerat education in the modern era.
An Analysis of the Increasing Rates of Road Accidents on Highways of Balochistan
Road traffic accidents have turned out to be substantial public health and socioeconomic problems in Pakistan, mostly in Balochistan where widespread terrestrial spaces, insufficient transportation frame, hard environment, as well as growing vehicular movements play its part to an unreasonably extraordinary number of transportation accidents. Public roads for example the N-25, N-50, N-40, and N-70 function as tactical transport passages linking Balochistan with other provinces as well as adjacent states; but these roads have seen a continuous rise in highway calamities over the previous 10 years’ time. This research paper examines the growing ratios of road accidents on the highways of Balochistan utilizing qualitative content analysis of secondary data gained from governmental reports, global organizations, articles, and official policy documents. The study reveals that to reduce highway calamities in Balochistan needs incorporated involvements comprising structure transformation, firmer transportation law enforcement, enhanced driver schooling, and enhanced collaboration. Applying the above-mentioned actions would play a significant role in viable transport, local economic development, as well as the attainment of nationwide and worldwide highway security goals.
Islamic Sufism and Interfaith Dialogue: An Analytical study of the Sufi Tradition
The so-called developed era of the present age is afflicted with various problems such as religious hatred, bigotry, extremism, tension, civilizational clash, and intolerance. In an era full of such afflictions and sufferings, the need to promote dialogue, tolerance, and mutual respect among different religions and civilizations has grown more than ever before. In such circumstances, Islamic Sufism plays a significant role in fostering interfaith harmony and peaceful coexistence through its intellectual foundations, moral and spiritual teachings, and practical traditions. The noble Sufis, through their thoughts and actions, set excellent examples of love, tolerance, forgiveness, respect for humanity, and good conduct. These examples played a key role in bringing the followers of different nations, religions, and cultures closer to one another and creating an atmosphere of mutual trust. The purpose of this research paper is to analyze the intellectual foundations of Islamic Sufism and the Sufi tradition, and to clarify to what extent Sufi thought has been effective in promoting interfaith dialogue and socio-economic harmony. This research reveals that the noble Sufis strove to resolve religious differences through dialogue, love, and ethical principles, rather than through conflict, terrorism, and warfare. Through their thoughts and actions, the Sufis rendered invaluable services in promoting religious harmony, tolerance, and coexistence in various regions, including the Indian subcontinent. Our research concludes that the Sufi tradition provides a highly effective intellectual and practical model for fostering religious harmony in the contemporary era.
A research review of the scholarly contributions of Saeed bin Mansoor
The article under consideration examines the contributions of Muhaddith Saeed bin Mansur to the science of Hadith."Following the Holy Quran, the noble Hadith is recognized as the second primary source of Islamic guidance. The Prophet ﷺ lived his life in the most exemplary way, serving as a perfect model for us. Allah commanded believers not only to follow the Quranic rulings but also to obey His Messenger. Without the Hadith and the Sunnah, it would be impossible to understand and interpret the Quran correctly. From the time of the Companions, efforts to preserve Hadith began with small written collections. Later, the Successors and their successors contributed from different angles, producing works such as comprehensive collections, musnads, sunan, dictionaries of narrators, mustakhrajaat, and mustadrakaat. Among these important Hadith works is the Sunan compiled by Abu ‘Uthman Saeed bin Mansoor, who died in 229 AH. Scholars regard it as a trustworthy text, compiled in the 3rd century Hijri, containing around 3,000 narrations. To pursue Hadith knowledge, he journeyed to Khurasan, Marw, Baghdad, Nishapur, and Isfahan. Whether on travel or at home, he made learning accessible for students and scholars. He also made notable contributions in evaluating narrators through Jarha wa tadeel and in clarifying Hadith texts. Although scholars acknowledge him as a prolific author, all of his writings except Sunan Saeed bin Mansoor have been lost."
Character Building of Children and the Role of Parents and Society in the Present Era: Study of Quranic Teachings
The character building of children is a fundamental responsibility of parents, families and society, as emphasized in the Qur’anic teachings. In the contemporary era, rapid social transformation and increasing exposure to modern influences have made the process of moral and spiritual upbringing more complex than ever before. This study explores the Qur’anic perspective on child development, focusing on the role of parents and society in shaping the ethical, intellectual and spiritual personality of children. The research highlights that the Qur’an provides a comprehensive framework for upbringing based on faith, moral discipline, responsibility and balanced development. It further examines the impact of parental behavior, family environment and social structures on the formation of children’s character. The study also discusses the classification of children’s mental abilities and the importance of individualized attention in education and training. Drawing upon Qur’anic injunctions, Hadith literature, and classical Islamic scholarly works, this paper emphasizes that effective character building requires cooperation between parents, educational institutions and society. The findings suggest that adherence to Qur’anic principles ensures the development of a morally sound and socially responsible generation capable of meeting contemporary challenges.
A Thematic Study of Basir Sultan Kazmi's Ghazal Poetry
Baasir Sultan Kazmi is a distinguished figure in contemporary Urdu poetry, carrying forward the literary legacy of his father, Nasir Kazmi. His ghazals reflect a unique blend of classical tradition and modern sensibilities, distinguishing him from mere imitation of past masters. Influenced by his father’s mentorship and extensive literary study, Baasir developed an individual poetic voice that resonates with both heritage and originality. His poetry addresses themes of love, existential reflections, socio-political consciousness, and human emotions, often weaving hope alongside sorrow. Through his deep understanding of contemporary issues, he captures the struggles and aspirations of his time with remarkable poetic craftsmanship. Critics acknowledge his mastery of language, fluidity of expression, and ability to infuse traditional ghazal structures with contemporary relevance. This paper explores the distinctive features of Baasir Sultan Kazmi’s ghazals, highlighting his poetic evolution, thematic depth, and stylistic finesse that position him among the significant Urdu poets of his era.
Prohibition of social attitudes of extremism In the Light of Uswah Hasanah
This article explores the Prophetic guidance Uswah Hasanah as a foundational framework for curbing extremist behaviors in society. In the contemporary context of increasing intolerance, hate speech, and social polarization, the life of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ offers a comprehensive model for promoting peace, tolerance, and social harmony. The study begins by defining the concept of social extremism and identifying its root causes and manifestations in Muslim societies today. Drawing upon Qur’anic injunctions and authentic traditions, the article analyzes nine prominent social behaviors that lead to extremism, including mockery, backbiting, intolerance, sectarianism, verbal abuse, and hate speech. The Prophetic response to each of these behaviors is highlighted to show how mercy, empathy, and mutual respect were central to his mission. Each section presents relevant Hadiths and practical examples from the Prophet’s life to illustrate his reformative and inclusive approach. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for integrating Seerah education in curricula, training scholars in the Prophetic style of dialogue, and fostering a culture of compassion in families, mosques, and media. It offers practical recommendations for policy, education, and religious discourse, asserting that only through the revival of Prophetic ethics can the roots of social extremism be addressed effectively.
Altaf Hussain Hali: The Pioneer of Reformist Poetry in Urdu Literature
This study examines the critical methodology of Qudāmah ibn Ja‘far and its impact on Arabic literary criticism. It highlights his significant role in transforming Arabic criticism from a subjective, taste-based practice into a more structured and analytical discipline grounded in rational principles. Qudāmah ibn Ja‘far is among the earliest Arab critics who attempted to systematize literary evaluation by defining poetry and identifying its essential components, such as diction, meaning, structure, and musical rhythm. The research shows that his critical approach was strongly influenced by logical and philosophical traditions, which led him to adopt methods of classification, analysis, and comparison in evaluating poetic texts. At the same time, he did not completely disregard the aesthetic and stylistic dimensions of Arabic literary heritage, but rather sought to balance rational analysis with literary taste. Furthermore, his applied criticism demonstrates a consistent effort to deconstruct poetic texts into their constituent elements and assess their artistic value based on objective criteria. This methodological shift contributed to the development of a more disciplined approach to literary criticism in Arabic tradition. In conclusion, Qudāmah ibn Ja‘far occupies an important position in the history of Arabic criticism as a transitional figure who bridged traditional taste-based criticism and emerging rational-critical methodologies, thereby laying early foundations for a more scientific approach to literary analysis.
A Critical and Analytical Review of Lexicographic Heritage in Pakistan
Following the establishment of Pakistan, when the process of restructuring political, social, and cultural institutions began, significant developments also took place in the fields of language and literature, particularly in the discipline of Lexicography. This study examines the evolutionary trajectory of lexicographical studies in Pakistan, analyzing their intellectual foundations, methodological trends, and scholarly contributions within a critical and analytical framework. The research places special emphasis on the historical and academic role of the Urdu Dictionary Board, which undertook the monumental project of compiling “Urdu Lughat (Tareekhi Usool Par)” based on the model of the Oxford English Dictionary. This work not only defines word meanings but also documents their etymology, semantic evolution, and usage across different literary periods, supported by authentic textual evidence from classical and modern Urdu literature. The study highlights that this project represents a milestone in Pakistani lexicography and serves as a fundamental resource for contemporary linguistic and literary research. Furthermore, the paper critically examines the individual contributions of prominent scholars such as Shan-ul-Haq Haqqi and other linguists who played a pivotal role in shaping modern Urdu lexicography. Their work transformed dictionaries from mere repositories of meanings into analytical tools that reflect linguistic, cultural, and social dimensions of language. The study also explores the tradition of Arabic Urdu lexicography, given the central role of Arabic in Pakistan as the language of the Qur’an and Islamic scholarship. Dictionaries such as Al-Qamoos Al-Waheed, Misbah-ul-Lughat, Al-Munjid (Urdu translation), and Lughat-ul-Quran are analyzed as scholarly works that go beyond simple translation, providing detailed explanations of morphology, syntax, semantics, and contextual usage, particularly in religious texts. These dictionaries have served as an intellectual bridge between Arabic-Islamic heritage and Urdu linguistic scholarship. The research concludes that Pakistani lexicographers have successfully preserved the classical lexicographical tradition while attempting to integrate it with modern linguistic principles, including Phonetics, Etymology, and Sociolinguistics. However, it also identifies significant gaps in meeting the demands of the digital age, particularly in terms of online accessibility, corpus-based lexicography, and advanced digital search functionalities. In light of these findings, the study recommends that future lexicographical work in Pakistan should combine historical depth, literary documentation, contemporary linguistic theories, and digital technology. Such an integrated approach would enhance the scholarly value, accessibility, and practical utility of dictionaries for researchers, students, and general readers alike.
Juristic Rulings of Prayer and the Qur’ānic Term “Al-Qawl” (Speech): A Study of Tafsīr Ahkām al-Qur’ān
The verses of al-qawl (“speech” or “utterance”) in the Holy Qur’an have served as a basis for the derivation of numerous juristic rulings. A wide range of legal injunctions are inferred from the term al-qawl, and many such examples are found in the classical works of Ahkām al-Qur’ān (Qur’ānic legal exegesis). This article seeks to demonstrate that the term al-qawl constitutes the foundation of many subsidiary rulings related to prayer (ṣalāh), and that a number of juristic deductions revolve around this expression. The study examines the Divine command: “O you who believe! Do not approach prayer while you are intoxicated until you know what you are saying.” (Qur’ān 4:43) From this verse, jurists have derived ten legal rulings, the basis of whose deduction is the word “saying” (taqūlūn). This is an analytical study drawing upon both classical and contemporary juristic commentaries on the Qur’ān. For instance, the article discusses the ruling that speaking during prayer invalidates the prayer. In other words, if a person engages in speech other than the recitation of the Qur’ān while performing prayer, the prayer becomes void. This ruling is inferred from the aforementioned verse, for the permissibility of performing prayer is made conditional upon one’s awareness of what one is uttering—that is, whether one is reciting the Word of God or speaking words other than the Divine Speech. Since intoxication renders a person incapable of distinguishing between Divine discourse and ordinary human speech, the Qur’ān prohibits prayer after intoxication has overcome one’s intellect. Had human speech been permissible during prayer, there would have been no reason to forbid the intoxicated person from performing it.
The Authority of Khabar al-Wāḥid: A Comparative and Analytical Study of the Methodologies of Hadith Scholars and Legal Theorists
This article examines the authority of Khabar al-Wāḥid through a comparative and analytical study of the methodologies of Hadith scholars and legal theorists. Khabar al-Wāḥid refers to a report that does not reach the level of tawātur, even if it is transmitted by more than one narrator. The study argues that the debate on Khabar al-Wāḥid is not merely a technical discussion in hadith sciences; rather, it is directly connected with the authority of Sunnah, principles of legal reasoning, and the derivation of Islamic rulings. The article first clarifies the conceptual and terminological background of Khabar al-Wāḥid and then discusses the position of the majority of Muslim scholars regarding its authority in practical legal matters. It highlights that Hadith scholars primarily focus on the authenticity of transmission by examining the continuity of the chain, reliability and precision of narrators, absence of irregularity, and hidden defects. Legal theorists, on the other hand, examine the epistemological value, legal authority, textual implication, possible conflict with other evidences, specification of general texts, restriction of absolute texts, analogy, and practical application of such reports. The study finds that the difference between Hadith scholars and legal theorists is mostly methodological rather than fundamental. Both groups recognize the authority of Sunnah and accept authentic Khabar al-Wāḥid as a valid source of legal guidance, though they differ in emphasis, terminology, and conditions of application. The article concludes that a balanced understanding of Khabar al-Wāḥid requires the integration of hadith criticism, legal theory, and juristic application, as these disciplines collectively preserve the authenticity, meaning, and practical relevance of Prophetic traditions.
Analytical Study of Bioethical Rights in Islam
This study is an analytic discussion of bioethical rights in Islam whereby the Islamic doctrine is analyzed in terms of offering an overall moral guide to issues of modern biomedical concern. As an interdisciplinary discipline, bioethics addresses ethical issues posed by the progress in medicine and life sciences. These ethical issues are informed by the divine principles in the Islamic perspective which are based on the Quran, Sunnah and other sources of Islamic jurisprudence. This paper will set out to examine the principles, concepts and applications of bioethics within an Islamic context with special focus on protection of human dignity, preservation of life, and social justice. The methodology of the research is qualitative and analytical, appeals to classical texts of Islam, and to the modern academic interpretations. The main bioethical challenges, including abortion, euthanasia, organ transplantation, genetic engineering, and assisted reproductive technologies are critically discussed in the context of Islamic principles Maqasid al-Shariah (objectives of Islamic law), Maslahah (public interest), as well as Darurah (necessity). Rights of patients and duties of healthcare providers under an Islamic ethical system are also brought to the fore in the study.The evidence indicates that Islamic bioethics presents a harmonious and actively developing paradigm that helps to keep up with scientific advances without crossing moral limits. It underlines the sanctity of human life, the significance of intent, and the avoidance of injury. Besides, the paper shows the necessity of ongoing Ijtihad (independent thinking) in response to the new bioethical issues in contemporary society. The study concludes that Islamic bioethical values are still very important and can play a great role in the world ethics discussion in both healthcare and medicine. Keywords:
In the light of Fiqh al-Sirah, the economic and commercial principles of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ: A comparative study of the contemporary financial system
This study explores the economic and commercial principles of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ in the light of Fiqh al-Sīrah and presents a comparative analysis with contemporary financial systems. The research highlights that the Prophetic economic model is fundamentally grounded in ethical values such as honesty, trustworthiness, transparency, justice, and social responsibility. In the Prophet’s ﷺ teachings and practices, trade is not merely a profit-oriented activity but a morally regulated system aimed at ensuring fairness, protecting the rights of all parties, and eliminating exploitation, fraud, and injustice. In contrast, modern financial systems, despite their institutional development and technological advancement, often suffer from structural inequalities, ethical deficits, and recurring financial crises. The study argues that integrating the ethical-economic principles derived from the Sunnah into contemporary financial frameworks can contribute to greater economic stability, fairness in wealth distribution, and sustainable development. Ultimately, the Prophetic model offers a holistic paradigm that combines moral integrity with practical economic governance, making it highly relevant for addressing the challenges of today’s global financial systems.
Revision Practices and Self-Regulated Learning in Collaborative Digital Writing: Implications for ESL Writing Development
Abstract This study examined the role of revision practices and self-regulated learning in collaborative digital writing among ESL learners. Previous studies on collaborative writing have largely focused on interaction patterns and writing outcomes, while limited attention has been given to learners’ revision behavior and reflective learning strategies in digital environments. Using a mixed-methods quasi-experimental design, the study investigated how collaborative revision and self-regulated learning contributed to writing development. Data were collected through pre-test and post-test writing tasks, revision histories, learner journals, rubric-based self-assessment forms, and semi-structured interviews. The findings showed that collaborative digital writing improved learners’ organization, coherence, vocabulary use, grammatical accuracy, and overall writing quality. Learners engaged in various forms of revision, including surface-level revisions, lexical changes, meaning-level revisions, and organizational restructuring. The findings also indicated that planning, monitoring, reflection, and evaluation supported writing improvement. The study highlights the importance of reflective revision and learner autonomy in digital collaborative writing settings.
The standard of verification of news in the field of Hadith and its contemporary significance
In today's era, the exchange and transmission of information has become very easy, because of which, sometimes, attention is not paid to verifying the news. Similarly, sometimes anti-national elements spread false news to fulfil their nefarious purposes. In Islamic history, the high standard of the verification of Hadith remained in every period until the compilation of Hadith. The incidents of the verification of Hadith by the Rightly Guided Caliphs during the era of the Companions are well known. To deal with this problem of fake news, we find the principles of hadith verification, which can be used as a basis to verify the news and deal with the important problem of the present era. These principles are known in the sciences of Hadith as “Dirayat-e-Hadith”. In this article, the principles of news verification in the Hadith will be mentioned, and their importance in the present era will be discussed.
The Origin and Evolution of the Occidentalism: An Analytical Study in the Light of the Opinions of the Occidentalists
This research paper examines the origins, development, and intellectual evolution of Occidentalism as a field of study. While extensive scholarship exists on Orientalism—the Western study and representation of the East—comparatively little attention has been devoted to Occidentalism, which explores Eastern perspectives on the West. This study provides an analytical examination of the ideas and intellectual contributions of prominent Occidentalist thinkers, including Hassan Hanafi, Jalal Al-e Ahmad, Anwar Abdel-Malek, and other contemporary scholars, to understand how the East has perceived and responded to the political, cultural, and intellectual dominance of the West. Occidentalism emerged as an intellectual framework through which Muslim and non-Western thinkers sought to understand, evaluate, and engage with Western thought, culture, and civilization. In its early stages, the discipline was primarily concerned with understanding the West and benefiting from its advancements. However, as Occidentalism evolved, it adopted a more critical and analytical approach, examining Western ideologies and institutions through indigenous and Islamic intellectual perspectives. Occidentalist scholars argue that Western thought should not be accepted uncritically; rather, it should be assessed objectively to preserve intellectual independence, cultural identity, and academic freedom. They further challenge Eurocentrism—the belief in the inherent superiority and universality of Western civilization—which has historically shaped global intellectual and cultural discourse. Jalal Al-e Ahmad, in particular, described the phenomenon of uncritical imitation of the West as ‘Gharbzadegi’ (“Westoxification” or “Occidentosis”), a condition that undermines cultural authenticity and self-confidence. The concepts of Eurocentrism and *Gharbzadegi* highlight the ideological and imitative tendencies that influence human societies. This study argues that such tendencies can be addressed through balanced and critical scholarship informed by both Orientalist and Occidentalist perspectives, thereby fostering a more equitable and mutually respectful understanding between civilizations.
Occidentalism, Orientalism, Eurocentrism, Gharbzadegi (Westoxification), Muslim Intellectual Thought
The Role of Maulana Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri’s Book Bazl al-Majhud fi Hall Abi Dawud in the Explanation of the Term Mukhtalif al-Hadith
This research examines the scholarly contribution of Maulana Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri in explaining and resolving the concept of Mukhtalif al-Hadith through his renowned commentary Bazl al-Majhud fi Hall Abi Dawud. The study highlights the methodological principles adopted by the author in reconciling apparently contradictory narrations, interpreting Hadith texts, and addressing juristic and theological differences among scholars. It further explores how Saharanpuri employed classical principles of Hadith criticism, contextual interpretation, and comparative analysis to remove ambiguities and harmonize narrations in Sunan Abi Dawud. The research also evaluates the academic significance of Bazl al-Majhud in the field of Hadith studies and its impact on later scholarly discussions regarding contradictory traditions. Through an analytical and descriptive approach, the study demonstrates that the work is an important contribution to the science of Mukhtalif al-Hadith and reflects the depth of Indo-Islamic Hadith scholarship.
Social Justice in the Prophetic SeerahPrinciples and Requirements
The concept of social justice occupies a central position in Islamic teachings and is comprehensively presented in the Seerah of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. Before Islam, the notion of justice was largely confined to legal and judicial matters, where rulers and judges merely decided disputes based on evidence and testimony. However, Islam introduced a broader and more comprehensive system of justice that encompasses not only the judicial sphere but also the moral, social, economic, and collective dimensions of human life. This study examines the principles and requirements of social justice in the light of the Prophetic Seerah and highlights their contemporary significance. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ established a society founded upon equality, human dignity, mutual responsibility, and the protection of rights. Unlike modern materialistic approaches that emphasize individual rights while often neglecting responsibilities toward others, the Prophetic model trained individuals to fulfill the rights of fellow human beings willingly and sincerely. The paper argues that the implementation of the Prophetic teachings on social justice can play a vital role in addressing contemporary social conflicts, inequality, hatred, and unrest. Furthermore, these teachings provide a practical framework for establishing peace, harmony, and collective welfare in modern societies. The research concludes that the Prophetic vision of social justice offers a universal and timeless solution for creating a balanced and peaceful human civilization.
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RUSSIA’S GRAND STRATEGY IN THE POST-2022 INTERNATIONAL ORDER: A NEOCLASSICAL REALIST ANALYSIS
This study applies the neoclassical realist (NCR) framework to examine Russia's grand strategy following the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Bridging systemic incentives and unit-level intervening variables including state-society relations, executive autonomy, strategic culture, and elite perception NCR illuminates why Russian foreign policy has been simultaneously structurally motivated and tactically dysfunctional. The paper argues that Russia pursues a five-pronged revisionist grand strategy encompassing military force, energy statecraft, informational warfare, Eurasian institutional consolidation, and nuclear signaling, filtered through a Putinist ideational lens that systematically misread both Ukrainian resilience and Western cohesion. While Russia achieved partial success in restructuring global alignments through the BRICS-plus framework and Global South neutrality, its core strategic objectives preventing NATO enlargement and subordinating Ukraine have been decisively frustrated. The paper concludes that Russia faces an accelerating capability-aspiration gap, rendering its grand strategy structurally unsustainable over the medium term without significant systemic shifts.
Community Perceptions of Climatic Hazards in District Nushki, Balochistan
Climate change has become one of the major environmental and socio-economic challenges in developing countries, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. District Nushki in Balochistan is highly vulnerable to climatic hazards because of water scarcity, frequent droughts, increasing temperatures, and dependence on climate-sensitive livelihoods such as agriculture and livestock. The present study examines community perceptions regarding climatic hazards and explores the socio-economic impacts of climate change on local communities in Nushki. The study also investigates adaptation and resilience strategies adopted by households to cope with climatic changes. The quantitative research design was used in this study, and data were collected through household surveys. The findings reveal that local communities have experienced significant changes in rainfall patterns, increasing temperatures, drought conditions, declining agricultural productivity, livestock losses, and water shortages during recent years. The study concludes that climate change has intensified community -level vulnerabilities in District Nushki and there is a strong need for community-based adaptation strategies, awareness programs, improved water management systems, and sustainable policy interventions to strengthen resilience among local populations.
Decentralization in Theory and Practice:A Historical and Critical Comparison of Pakistan’sLocal Government Ordinances of 1979 and 2001
This article examines the two most consequential pieces of local government legislation in Pakistan’s post-independence history: the Local Government Ordinance (LGO) of 1979, promulgated under General Zia-ul-Haq, and the Local Government Ordinance of 2001, promulgated under General Pervez Musharraf. By situating both ordinances within their respective political, historical, and ideological contexts, the article offers a comparative critique of their structural designs, stated objectives, and practical outcomes. It argues that despite markedly different rhetorical frameworks—the 1979 Ordinance emphasizing administrative efficiency and the 2001 Ordinance championing grassroots empowerment—both instruments ultimately served to consolidate authoritarian power rather than to transfer meaningful governance authority to elected local bodies. The article traces the colonial roots of local government in the subcontinent, analyses the structural provisions of each ordinance, and assesses their respective legacies through the lenses of fiscal autonomy, political decentralization, and democratic accountability. The analysis traces continuities and ruptures between the two frameworks, assesses their developmental and democratic consequences, and situates them within broader comparative and theoretical debates about decentralization in the Global South.
A Study to Focus on Collaborated Strategies Responding to Drug Abuse Situation in Pakistan
This research article focuses on the collaborated strategies responding to drug abuse conditions in Pakistan. Drug abuse is a grave problem severely affecting the Pakistani society. There is a dire need to develop significant strategies in order to curb drug abuse problem from Pakistan society. For this research article, the content analysis method has been utilized. In addition, this research article relies upon secondary data.
Ṣūfī Discussions in “Al-Itqān fī Ulūm ul-Qurān”
The Holy Qur’an is an infinite ocean of knowledge, wisdom, and profound meanings. Since the time it was revealed to the Prophet, Muhammad ﷺ, scholars have continuously endeavored to unravel its truths, explore its concepts and applications, seek out its wonders and divine injunctions. Yet, to this day, no one has ever been able to claim that they have comprehended all the depths and dimensions of this boundless sea of wisdom. In the course of history, there are certain works that stand as definitive references in their respective fields. Al-Itqān fī Ulūm ul-Qurān is among such masterpieces. It is renowned for its remarkable comprehensiveness and encyclopedic character, encompassing the full spectrum of Qurʾānic sciences. Based upon and extracted from, synthesizing, all the major works that preceded it, the author produced a new and unparalleled composition a true phenomenal in the field. Although its central subject is Ulūm al-Qurān (the science of the Qurān), However, the author’s inclination towards Taṣawwuf naturally found expression within it. Consequently, the work contains significant discussions related to Taṣawwuf, reflecting the author’s spiritual insight alongside his scholarly rigor.