The AL-HAYAT Research Journal (AHRJ), accredited in the Y Category by HJRS, HEC and published by the JLALI RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED, is a quarterly, trilingual (English, Arabic, Urdu), double-blind, peer-reviewed, open-access journal, available online (ISSN 3006-4767) and in print (ISSN 3006-4759). AHRJ promotes interreligious harmony, multidisciplinary research, academic excellence, intellectual exchange, and open-access knowledge while empowering emerging scholars. It bridges academia and society, fostering understanding and global peace by providing a platform for critical insights across Religious Studies, Social Sciences, and Arts and Humanities.
Illiteracy and Tribal traditions of Dispute Settlement through Women as Compensation in Balochistan
In this study, the continuation of tribal customs in Balochistan often called (Swara or Vani) that use women as recompense for resolving disputes is examined. The study focuses on how these behaviors are maintained in some tribal areas by illiteracy, social ignorance, and inadequate institutional processes. A qualitative design and descriptive methodology were used to gather data through interviews with local activists, impacted women, and community elders. Thematic analysis showed that patriarchal attitudes, a lack of knowledge, and lax legal enforcement all contribute to the continuation of these practices. To end such detrimental customs, this research article urges community involvement, stricter enforcement of the law and educational awareness.
Illiteracy, Tribal customs, Dispute settlement, Women as compensation, Balochistan, Gender injustice
Copyright (c) 2025 AL-HAYAT Research Journal (AHRJ) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Scholarly Review of Fath al-Wadud bi Sharh Sunan Abī Dāwūd: Methodology, Sources, and Contributions to Hadith Studies
This study offers a comprehensive scholarly review of Fath al-Wadūd bi Sharh Sunan Abī Dāwūd, the distinguished commentary authored by Shaykh Nūr al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan al-Sindī al-Madanī. The article examines al-Sindī’s methodological approach in elucidating Sunan Abī Dāwūd, particularly his reliance on earlier authorities such as al-Suyūṭī, his rigorous attention to phonetic precision (zabt al-alfāẓ), clarification of variant readings, analysis of obscure vocabulary, and concise yet effective remarks on rijāl and isnād criticism. Through a close reading of representative passages, supported by classical biographical and philological sources, the study highlights how Fath al-Wadūd contributes to the preservation, understanding, and critical interpretation of Hadith texts. The findings demonstrate that al-Sindī’s commentary not only reinforces the legal and linguistic value of Sunan Abī Dāwūd but also provides a methodological model that bridges classical Hadith scholarship with contemporary textual analysis.
Sunan Abi Dawud, Fath al-Wadud, Hadith methodology, Abu al-Hasan al-Sindi, Hadith commentary, Rijal studies, Islamic scholarship
An Analytical Study of the Origin, Development, Fundamental Domains, and Objectives of Occidentalism
Occidentalism refers to the systematic and scholarly study of the Western world, not merely in its geographical sense, but also in its cultural, religious, academic, sociological, philosophical, and colonial dimensions. This field examines the West through an objective and scientific lens, highlighting the need for balanced and critical engagement rather than rejection or neglect. The origins of Occidentalist thought can be traced back to the early Islamic era, particularly in the works of Muslim travelers, historians, and scholars who documented and analyzed Western societies. This study explores the origins, evolution, fundamental domains, and key objectives of Occidentalism. It provides an analytical overview of its major research areas and discusses how the discipline has developed across different historical phases. The findings emphasize the importance of strengthening academic research in the field of Occidentalism to promote deeper understanding and constructive dialogue between civilizations.
The Right to Life under Siege: Arbitrary Deprivation of Life and Liberty in Pakistan and the UK
The right to life forms the foundational core of human existence, encompassing and safeguarding all other fundamental rights. As the Constitution functions as the supreme guarantor of this right, this article critically examines the constitutional provisions of Pakistan and the United Kingdom that protect life and personal liberty. It further presents a comparative analysis of how these states address — or violate — these guarantees. Any arbitrary deprivation of life or liberty constitutes a direct violation of the right to life as recognized under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). This study specifically explores instances of such arbitrary deprivations in Pakistan and the UK, assessing whether the states themselves have been complicit in undermining the constitutional protections they are bound to uphold. By comparing the jurisprudential approaches of both countries, the article demonstrates which state has been more effective in preventing violations of the right to life. Ultimately, this research outlines key guidelines and policy recommendations aimed at minimizing future infringements of life and liberty.
Right to life, Arbitrary depriving of life, Article 9, Constitution of Pakistan, British Constitution
The Origin and Development of the Arabic and Pashto Languages through History
The Arabic and Pashto languages are among the most prominent living languages whose histories span many centuries of cultural and civilizational development and influence. Arabic, the language in which the Holy Qur’an was revealed, is distinguished by its deep roots in the Arabian Peninsula and by its precise phonetic and morphological system. The revelation of the Qur’an marked a turning point that made Arabic a universal language of science, religion, and literature. With the spread of Islam, the scope of Arabic expanded widely across Asia and Africa, granting it remarkable adaptability and richness in vocabulary and style. Pashto, on the other hand, is one of the ancient Indo-Iranian languages whose roots go back to the Aryan languages. It developed in the regions of Afghanistan and South Asia, becoming a symbol of the cultural identity of the Pashtun people. Pashto has undergone successive stages of growth and was influenced by neighboring languages such as Persian, Arabic, and Urdu, which enriched its lexicon and structures. A comparison between the two languages shows that each has followed its own path of historical development, yet both have preserved their distinctive features and their ability to express refined human thought. Together, they have contributed significantly to the literary and intellectual heritage of the Arab and Islamic worlds.
Development, Arabic, Pashto, Languages, History
The Reality of the Caliphate: A Study of Modern Religious and Social Thoughts
The Caliphate is defined as a political-religious institution encompassing the Muslim community and the territories under its dominion in the centuries following the death of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. It is headed by a caliph, who holds temporal authority and, in some cases, a measure of spiritual leadership. The Arabic term Khalifa generally refers to the main successor of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, while Caliphate (Khilafat) denotes the office or institution of the political leader of the Muslim community (Ummah) or state, particularly during the period from 630 to 1258 CE. The system of Khilafat is closely connected to religious progress and is an integral part of Islamic Sharia. Religious worship and the development of the Muslim community cannot take place without the leadership of the Khilafat. The objectives of the Caliphate include fostering awareness of a distinct Muslim nation and restoring the prestige and authority of the office of the Caliph. The Khilafat system in Islam embodies the classical theory of the caliph as the Prophet’s successor, granting him supreme authority as both the spiritual and political head of the community. The caliph symbolizes the unity of the Muslim community, meaning that only one caliph could lead at a time. This article traces the history of the original caliphal state based in Arabia. The urgent need for a successor to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ as the political leader of the Muslim community was addressed by a council of Muslim elders in Madina. According to the majority of Muslims, the Prophet ﷺ left no explicit instructions regarding the selection of a leader after him. Early Islamic literature suggests that a legitimate caliph was expected to be an early convert to Islam and to possess exemplary moral qualities, including truthfulness, generosity, courage, and above all, knowledge. The caliph’s authority was grounded in his superior understanding of both religious and worldly affairs, enabling him to guide the community effectively in all matters.
Caliphate, Khalifa, Umma, Sharia, Madina, Generosity, Legitimate, Jammat, excellence, Muhammad
Syed Muhammad Nabeel Ur Rehman Shah Bukhari
Key Aspects of Gentleness and Firmness towards the Prophet ﷺ in the Holy Quran, and their Significance in Guidance and Spiritual Development
This paper examines the balanced approach betweengentleness (leniency, mercy, compassion) and firmness (strictness, severity) as exemplified in the Holy Quran and the exemplary character (Seerah) of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. The central thesis is that both gentleness and firmness are employed contextually in the Quran and Sunnah as instruments for guidance and spiritual growth. These two approaches are not contradictory but are complementary, forming a complete and holistic methodology. The Quran and the Prophet's Seerah present a perfect equilibrium between gentleness and firmness. This balance is established according to the circumstances, the psychology of the audience, and the overarching objective. Gentleness (Rifq, Lin, Rahmah): Its purpose is to win hearts, generate love, guide to the straight path, and create an atmosphere conducive to reformation. It is primarily used with believers, common people, and those receptive to softness. Firmness (Shiddah, Ghilazah): Its purpose is to establish the truth, prevent evil, challenge the enemies of the faith, and uphold the system of justice. It is employed against disbelievers and hypocrites, and in the enforcement of divinely prescribed laws (Hudud). Examples of Gentleness: Surah Aal-e-Imran (3:159) describes the Prophet's ﷺ attributes of compassion, forgiveness, and consultation. Similarly, Surah At-Tawbah (9:128) highlights his immense affection and care for the believers. Examples of Firmness: Surah At-Tawbah (9:73) and Surah At-Tahrim (66:9) command struggle (Jihad) and firmness against disbelievers and hypocrites. Surah Al-Ma'idah (5:33-34) outlines severe legal penalties for those who spread corruption on earth. General People and Believers: The approach with them is characterized by gentleness, consultation, and invitation (Dawah). Disbelievers and Hypocrites: The approach involves a clear declaration of the truth, warning, and, when necessary, struggle and confrontation. People of the Book: Dialogue and intellectual discourse are encouraged when engaging with them. The guidance of the Quran addresses the diverse facets of human psychology, aiming to establish justice and equity in society, make the propagation of faith effective, and bring about the reformation and guidance of both the individual and the community. This guidance is comprehensive and balanced, employing gentleness and firmness appropriately according to the circumstances. Such a balance reflects a fundamental aspect of the Prophet's ﷺ exemplary character, which rendered his mission of invitation and education profoundly effective. For believers, it is essential to exercise wisdom by maintaining this balance between gentleness and firmness in accordance with the Quran and Sunnah. The paper concludes that a key feature of guidance in the Wise Quran is the establishment of this prudent equilibrium. Both gentleness and firmness are valid approaches within their respective contexts and serve as means of effective guidance. Understanding and applying this balanced, context-sensitive methodology is crucial for achieving success and spiritual growth for both individuals and society.
Prophet's ﷺ exemplary character, leniency, mercy, compassion, gentleness, firmness, disbelievers, hypocrites
Irad al-Hadith: An Analytical Study of Its Causes, Factors, and Methods
In the science of Hadith, scholars have developed numerous disciplines that address both the chain of narration (Isnad) and the text (Matn). Among these disciplines is the study of the causes and circumstances that led to the narration of Hadith, known as Sabab Irad al-Hadith (the Cause of the Narration of Hadith). This concept focuses on understanding the reasons, contexts, and motives that prompted the Companions and their successors to narrate the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. While Sabab Wurud al-Hadith explains why the Prophet ﷺ uttered a particular statement, Sabab Irad al-Hadith explores why a Companion or Follower narrated it afterward. This study highlights the importance of identifying these causes to better comprehend the nature, intent, and relevance of Hadith transmission in the early Islamic period. The present research analytically examines the definition, significance, and primary sources of Sabab Irad al-Hadith, as well as the various factors and motives that influenced the Companions in narrating Hadith—such as educational needs, legal judgments, administrative responsibilities, and responses to emerging social issues. Through selected examples, the article demonstrates how understanding these underlying causes contributes to a deeper appreciation of the historical, intellectual, and contextual dimensions of Hadith literature.
Hadith, Narration, Companions, Sabab Wurud al-Hadith, Sabab Irad al-Hadith, Contextual Study
Literary Language Meets CEFR: How Mr. Chips Develops Upper-Intermediate Reading Competence in Pakistani Classrooms
This paper explores the linguistic and pedagogical correspondence between Good-bye, Mr. Chips the mandatory Book IV of Grade 12 in the Punjab Curriculum in Pakistan and the Common European Framework of Reference to Languages (CEFR), in terms of what it can achieve as far as developing upper-intermediate (B2) reading proficiency in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students. Through the mixed-method approach, which is descriptive, the study combines the lexical profiling, syntactic analysis, and the mapping of CEFR descriptors to determine the effectiveness of the novel in teaching CEFR-based instruction. The findings demonstrate a balanced linguistic structure: type-token ratio of 0.27 and lexical density of 59% reflects the controlled diversity and understandable input, whereas 83-88% coverage of high-frequency lexical means that the results would be accessible to B1-B2 learners. At the same time, the novel portrays a steady syntactic complexity that is determined by the mean length of the sentences 18 words and two clauses in each sentence, which can be attributed to the multi-layered sentence structure of B2 reading tasks. These characteristics are very close to the CEFR descriptors like the ability to comprehend a long piece of prose, to grasp the meaning based on the context, and to identify authorial style and attitude. The results put Good-bye, Mr. Chips at the pedagogical threshold stage that can enable both linguistic and affective development. The paper notes that instructional modifications supported by CEFR are necessary, such as pre-teaching of subordinate structures, contextual vocabulary scaffolding, and inferential reading tasks. Furthermore, it suggests the incorporation of CEFR standards at the policy level in the design of textbooks and teacher education in the Pakistani secondary school system. In general, the study confirms that Good-bye, Mr. Chips does not only preserve its cultural and literary significance but also provides empirically based possibilities as the CEFR-B2 aligned tool in promoting reading skills and the comparability of global languages in the EFL curriculum in Pakistan.
CEFR; Novel; Lexical analysis; Syntactic complexity; Reading comprehension; B2 proficiency; EFL pedagogy; Linguistic profiling; Literature-based language learning
Badā’iʿ al-Ṣanā’iʿ fī Tartīb al-Sharā’iʿ: Its Preeminence and Distinctive Authority among Classical Ḥanafī Jurisprudential Texts
Throughout the development of Islamic jurisprudence, each era has witnessed the emergence of juristic compendia that have played a foundational role in guiding the Ummah in legal, scholarly, and intellectual matters. Among the canonical works of the Ḥanafī school, Badā’iʿ al-Ṣanā’iʿ fī Tartīb al-Sharā’iʿ occupies a uniquely distinguished position. Its prominence stems not only from the rigor of its legal reasoning, methodological sophistication, and exegetical precision, but also from its systematic presentation of comparative analyses across diverse schools of thought. This article offers a critical and analytical examination of Badā’iʿ al-Ṣanā’iʿ, focusing on its scholarly significance, juristic methodology, organizational framework, and its comparative superiority over other major Ḥanafī works, including Al-Mabsūṭ, Al-Hidāyah, Al-Muḥīṭ al-Burhānī, Sharḥ al-Tahdhīb, and Al-Badā’iʿ. The research is conducted employing an objective and comparative methodology, in alignment with contemporary academic standards for jurisprudential studies. The findings underscore that Badā’iʿ al-Ṣanā’iʿ is not merely a foundational authority within the textual and commentary tradition of the Ḥanafī School; its methodological rigor and analytical depth confer upon it a distinct preeminence among classical fiqh sources. These features collectively establish its status as an eminent reference, rendering it indispensable for scholarly engagement, advanced research, and comparative legal analysis within Ḥanafī jurisprudence.
Badā’iʿ al-Ṣanā’iʿ fī Tartīb al-Sharā’iʿ: Classical Ḥanafī school, Jurisprudential Texts, Legal reasoning
The Role of Haji Sahib Turangzai (RA) in the Struggle for the Independence of the Subcontinent and the Reformation of the Muslim Ummah
Haji Sahib Turangzai (رح) emerged as a pivotal figure in the freedom struggle of the Indian Subcontinent and the moral and educational revival of the Muslim Ummah. Far more than a freedom fighter, he was a visionary reformer, educator, and spiritual guide who dedicated his life to the uplift and unity of his people. In an era of British colonial repression—marked by political subjugation and moral decline—Haji Sahib launched a comprehensive reform movement rooted in the revival of Islamic values and the reconstruction of Muslim identity on spiritual, ethical, and educational foundations. He firmly believed that genuine independence could not be achieved through political emancipation alone, but required spiritual awakening, moral purification, and the restoration of Islamic education. Under his guidance, mosques were transformed into centres of learning and moral instruction; un-Islamic practices were discouraged; and local Islahi Jirgas replaced colonial courts, restoring justice to its communal and ethical roots. His message inspired Muslims toward self-reliance, discipline, and resistance to colonial domination. To consolidate the intellectual and spiritual basis of his movement, Haji Sahib established independent madaris that combined religious instruction with practical training, nurturing individuals who were spiritually enlightened and socially conscious. These institutions also served as centres for moral reform and, when necessary, resistance, offering basic military training to prepare students for anti-colonial struggle. Deeply influenced by Sheikh-ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood al-Hasan (رح), Haji Sahib developed an extensive network of madaris and reform centres throughout the frontier region. This network later became an ideological nucleus for the Silk Letter Movement and subsequent freedom efforts. This paper critically examines Haji Sahib Turangzai’s reformative, educational, and revolutionary contributions, highlighting how his integrated approach to faith, education, and reform rekindled the Islamic spirit, moral strength, and collective consciousness of Indian Muslims—laying an enduring foundation for political freedom through spiritual renewal and intellectual empowerment.
Haji Sahib Turangzai, Islamic Reform Movement, Silk Letter Movement, Religious Education and Madaris, Anti-Colonial Struggle, Social and Moral Reformation
Automated Space Defense System (ASDS) - An Abomination for Space Law Treaties?
The use of Automated Space Defense Systems (ASDS) conflicts with the international space treaty (i.e., the 1967 Outer Space Treaty (OST) that prohibits the use of weapons of mass destruction and urges to use of space. The study will answer the question of whether Automated Space Defense Systems (ASDS) violate the provisions of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty and contribute to space militarization through a literature review, historical context, or case studies (i.e., US missile defense, Chinese Anti-Satellite, also known as ASAT tests), comparative analysis of dual-use technologies, and expert interviews. The study will help to explain the treaty compliance, uncover the threat of an arms race, and suggest solutions, including the transparency measures or new legal frameworks, to make sure that ASDS are consistent with the international law of space and that outer space is used in peaceful activities.
Automated Space Defense System, Laws, Treaties, Theoretical Context
Cognitive Discourse Analysis of Metaphors in Sahib Shah Sabir's Poetry
This study examines the utilization of metaphors in the poetry of Sahib Shah Sabir via the framework of Cognitive Discourse Analysis (CODA), seeking to reveal the cognitive, emotional, and cultural qualities inherent in his poetic language. Metaphors, typically seen as rhetorical instruments, are examined here as cognitive tools that organize abstract sensations such as love, suffering, struggle, and social awareness. Utilizing Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980), the study investigates the manner in which Sabir’s metaphors translate tangible, embodied experiences into abstract realms, illustrating both personal cognition and shared cultural ideology. A qualitative research design was utilized, featuring a purposive sample of six representative poems extracted from Sabir’s principal collections. Collecting data meant closely reading and analyzing the original Pashto writings, with the help of reliable English translations to keep the meaning intact. The metaphors were rigorously found and classified, and their cognitive and cultural importance was analyzed using CODA principles. Special attention was gain to frequent conceptual metaphors like BLOOD IS LIGHT, LOVE IS STRUGGLE, PAIN IS FLOWING WATER, and ABSENCE IS FRUSTRATION. These show how Sabir links human feelings to social and ideological issues. The analysis indicates that Sabir’s metaphors act as embodied cognitive schemas that express both emotional intensity and cultural identity. His literary speech transmutes personal experiences of suffering, desire, and moral contemplation into collective emblems of resilience, resistance, and ethical awareness. The study also emphasizes the interplay of individual cognition, society frameworks, and linguistic expression, illustrating how metaphors function as conduits between personal thought and collective cultural comprehension. The results enhance the field of cognitive literary studies by demonstrating the complexity of Pashto poetic metaphor and its influence on perception, emotion, and social consciousness. This study emphasizes the necessity of examining metaphoric language for both its aesthetic attributes and its cognitive and cultural ramifications, providing a framework for subsequent research in non-Western literary traditions.
Sahib Shah Sabir, metaphors, Cognitive Discourse Analysis, Pashto poetry, culture
Sunnah and Seerat: The Supreme and Exemplary Life (Scientific Interpretation of Wudu)
In today’s world, the path to true success and prosperity lies in the unwavering adherence to the Sunnah (traditions) and Seerat (way of life) of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. Every facet of His life serves as a model for us, and it is essential that we embody His noble character in our daily conduct. To achieve this, we must shift away from the distorted perceptions shaped by limited intellect and the excessive influence of Western civilization, instead embracing Islamic culture and values as our true identity. The timeless teachings of Islam must guide our actions, and one profound example of this is the practice of Wudu (ablution), which, when performed in accordance with the Prophetic Sunnah, offers a wealth of both physical and spiritual benefits. This paper explores the scientific interpretation of Wudu, highlighting its profound significance and its holistic impact on the well-being of individuals.
Sunnah, Seerat, success, Islamic culture, Wudu
Contempt of Court and Judicial Censorship in Pakistan
The contempt of court and judicial censorship issue within the context of Pakistan presents a challenging problem to judicial autonomy and freedom of the press. This paper brings out the issues of balancing between the court's sanctity and the freedom of the media in the Pakistani legal system. The key ones are liberal interpretation of contempt laws, impact on media coverage of court proceedings, and adverse influence on popular discourse regarding the judiciary. The study reveals that the disdain for court regulations in Pakistan that define the colonial-era laws tends to conflict with the constitutional rights of free speech and press liberty. Although the judiciary requires new and contemporary laws of contempt to keep the judiciary independent and ensure the trial, the critics insist that these regulations are merely applied to prevent the lawful criticism of judicial actions. The analysis reveals that it is necessary to have a clear set of guidelines that will differentiate between fair comments and contemptuous acts, particularly in the digital age, in which social media exists to dominate both criticism and misinformation. These laws need to be changed in order to provide a balance between judicial dignity and the democratic aspects of freedom and accountability.
Contempt of Court, Judicial Censorship, Pakistan, Laws, Theoretical Context
Fiqh Principles and Legal Maxims in “Kitab al-Ayman” of al- Bada’iʿ al-Ṣana’iʿ Fi Tartib-i- Shara’i: An Analytical Study
This research paper explores the juristic principles (uṣūl wa ḍawābiṭ fiqhiyyah) found in Kitab al-Ayman (Book of Oaths) within Bada’iʿ al-Ṣana’iʿ fī Tartib al-Shara’iʿ, written by the eminent Ḥanafi jurist Imam Abu Bakkar al-Kasani (d. 587 AH). The study highlights al-Kasani’s methodological depth in interpreting the concept of Yamin (الیمین) oath, through both textual evidence and rational analysis. It classifies the foundational fiqh principles he used—such as the primacy of intention, the sanctity of Allah’s name, and the sequential obligation in expiation (kaffarah)—and evaluates their application in various juristic scenarios. The research concludes that Kitab al-Ayman serves not only as a detailed legal text but also as a rich source of applied fiqh methodology, balancing ta‘lil (rational reasoning) and naql (textual transmission) in a unique juristic synthesis.
Bada’iʿ al-Ṣana’iʿ, al-Kasani, Kitab al-Ayman, Fiqh Principles, Oaths in Islamic Law, Ḥanafi Jurisprudence
Legal Perspective of Euthanasia in Pakistan
Euthanasia, the act of deliberately causing or bringing an end to life in order to alleviate pain, is a highly debatable issue across the globe. The jurisprudential view of euthanasia in Pakistan is influenced by the Islamic law, constitution, and acceptable values in the society. Active euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide are both regarded as illegal and ethically wrong, mainly because of the religious teachings that teach of the sanctity of life. Although passive euthanasia, including life support withdrawal, is sometimes discussed in terms of ethics, it is not legally regulated or defined. Its legalization is mostly disapproved by medical professionals, students, and the population, the opposition being based on religion, culture, and ethical issues. Although the world has made strides in the step to improve palliative care, Pakistan has no extensive legal framework that deals with end-of-life choices. This study is critical of how law intersects with religion and medical ethics as it goes through euthanasia and why we need subtle legal language and policy development to address new challenges in terminal care and patient rights.
Laws, Theoretical Context, Legal Perspective, Pakistan
Role of CBOs, NGOs, and INGOs in Providing Free Legal Aid in Pakistan
The Community-Based Organizations (CBOs), Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) play an essential role in provision of free legal services in Pakistan especially to marginalized and vulnerable populations. Through these agencies, there is a narrowing of the gap between the citizens and the traditional justice system by creating legal awareness, counseling, and court representation. CBOS work at the grassroots level where they address the quarrels within the community and provide legal literacy to the community. NGOs like the Legal Aid Society and AGHS Legal Aid Cell have the mandates of addressing issues of women's rights, juvenile justice, and human rights abuse. INGOs facilitate these efforts by providing their funding, technical support, and lobbying for legal reforms that are in tandem with the international standards. If combined, these organizations facilitate access to justice, decrease the number of cases in a backlog, and implement changes in the legal system. They play a vital role in a nation where the state does not provide legal assistance, and in most cases, it is not affordable to people experiencing poverty.
A Research Study of the Qur’anic and Jurisprudential Discussions on Divorce in Tafsir Mazhari
This research paper explores the Qur’anic and jurisprudential discussions on divorce (ṭalāq) and delegation of divorce (tafwīḍ al-ṭalāq) in Tafsīr al-Maẓharī, authored by Qāḍī Thānā’ullāh Panipati. The study aims to highlight the interpretive methodology employed by the exegete in explaining the verses related to marital dissolution and the legal authority granted to women in certain contexts through the delegation of divorce. By analyzing relevant Qur’anic verses, juristic opinions, and the exegete’s reconciliatory approach between textual and contextual meanings, the research sheds light on how Tafsīr al-Maẓharī integrates classical Islamic jurisprudence with ethical considerations. The paper also compares the commentary’s stance with that of other traditional tafsīr works to identify its distinctive contribution to the understanding of Islamic family law.
Tafsīr al-Maẓharī, ṭalāq, tafwīḍ al-ṭalāq, Islamic jurisprudence, Qur’anic interpretation, family law, Thānā’ullāh Panipati
Cyber Legislation and Cyber-Victimization in Pakistan
Pakistan is experiencing an exponential use of social media. Pakistan has a high likelihood of theft of finances and hacking of accounts that conduct e-transactions and store important data on e-devices. In Pakistan, there are laws against cybercrime that are hardly enforced. In Pakistan, the respective culprits tend to escape punishment. After conducting several amendments in the Electronic Crime Bill 2016, it was passed by the National Assembly of Pakistan. Even this bill was highly opposed in Pakistan. The study evaluates and examines the current situation of cybercrime in Pakistan.
Cyber Legislation, Cyberterrorism, Hacking, Pakistan, Cyber-Victimization
Exploring Women’s Economic Empowerment through Prophetic Guidance
This article aims to reveal the women’s economic struggle and empowerment in the Prophetic era, with the boundaries and limitations of Islamic teachings. Hazrat Muhammad SAW always took sides with struggling women and supported them by providing their appropriate social and economic rights. Although women are more empowered and economically strong nowadays, somehow inspired by Western culture and ideology. Which is not fulfilling women’s economic rights completely but providing the rights to a man like woman, not for a woman. The contemporary status of women’s participation in economics somehow contrasts with Islamic traditions. Hence there are some misconceptions about women’s struggle in economics regarding Islamic teachings. The Indo-Pak patriarchal customs and Western cultural impacts influence the Pakistani society too much, the lack of Islamic teachings plays an important role in distracting the people from the right concept and Islamic ideology. Resulting in misunderstandings about women's economic rights in Islam. This article aims to portray the implementation of Prophetic practices regarding women’s economic rights and their participation in the economy of a country with the practical limitations, benefits, and boundaries according to the Quran and Sunnah.
Women’s Economic Rights, Prophetic Era, Western Culture, Patriarchal
Bridging the Justice Gap: An Analysis of Pakistan’s Legal Aid and Justice Authority (LAJA) and its Effectiveness for the Marginalized
Pakistan has a free legal aid system that attempts to supply the poor and marginalized legal representation to the people who are underprivileged and cannot afford legal representation. It operates on constitutional guarantees, and it is backed by most institutions, such as the Legal Aid and Justice Authority (LAJA), which was founded by the Legal Aid and Justice Authority Act, 2020. This system guarantees that the vulnerable groups like women, children, prisoners, and victims of domestic violence are assisted in the law front both in civil and criminal cases. The provision of legal aid is done by the public defenders, pro bono lawyers, NGOs, and bar associations. Regardless of its good intentions, the system has a couple of issues, including poor funding, ignorance, inadequate coverage in rural regions, and bureaucracy. In order to make it more effective, there is a need to reinforce the system of institutional structures, increase funds, and improve legal literacy. The legal aid system needs to be stronger and embracing to facilitate the rule of law and give equal opportunity of access to every citizen in Pakistan.
Challenges, Historical Context, Laws, Opportunities, Theoretical Context
National Accountability Bureau and the Principle of Fair Trial: A Critical Analysis
The National Accountability Ordinance of 1999 (with the aim of eliminating corruption and ensuring transparency), put in place the National Accountability Bureau (NAB), the leading anti-corruption agency of Pakistan. This aim has often been criticized as the Bureau has not been able to support the right to a fair trial, as provided by the Pakistani Constitution in Article 10-A, even though it is the goal of the Bureau. There are issues of arbitrary arrests, excessive detention with no trial, political victimization, media trials and delayed court proceedings. Even though NAB has a large organizational structure with regional bureaus and accountability courts, its activities demonstrate unrestrained discretion. Its credibility was tarnished by high profile cases, including the Broadsheet scandal. Although NAB records a high conviction rate, the procedures that result to such convictions do not consider the due process rights. This paper is a critical evaluation of the legal context, organizational behavior, and judicial review of the actions of NAB in order to determine whether they are compatible with the standards of a fair trial and suggest institutional changes.
Accountability, Due Process, Fair Trial, Human Rights, Judicial Independence
Between Liberalism and Protectionism: Reassessing the Dynamics of Global Trade in the WTO Era
The question of free trade and protectionism has been central to international trade and a symptom of the long-standing problem of balancing economic performance and national sovereignty. Trade policies, influenced by a strong historical tradition, have swung between liberalism, in the classical comparative advantage conceptions, and protectionist policies, founded on mercantilist and infant industry theory. The roles of international laws, or more precisely the role of the WTO system, highlight the possibilities of a rules-based order and the persistent inequalities that the developing economies struggle to navigate through the maneuvers of the complex disputes. In the meantime, globalization and technological change create a possibility of cooperation, especially in such areas as digital trade, environmental standards, and resilience of the supply chain. In order to analyze the character of the relationship between protectionism and free trade as they coexist in contemporary discourse of equity, growth, and world governance, one should possess an excellent theoretical background. In this paper, the dynamics are analyzed with the view of offering information on more inclusive trade practices.
Education, Historical Context, Laws, Opportunities, Theoretical Context
Right to Education in Pakistan: Legal Obligations and Social Barriers
This study aims to critically analyze the right to education in Pakistan within the two terms of the legal framework and socio-cultural resistance. Even though the free and mandatory education age is 5 to 16 years in Article 25-A of the Constitution of Pakistan, the difference between the law and the practice is not less impressive. Simultaneously, it examines the social barriers in society that lie behind such issues as gender discrimination, poverty, and child labor, which continue to deny access to education, girls in particular, and people experiencing poverty in society, particularly. The work, based on a sociological study and a legal analysis of the doctrine, presents the interaction of systematic malfunctions and dogmatized attitudes in society in depriving millions of the right to the Constitution. It has been concluded in the paper that it is possible to suggest policy reforms and community-based interventions in order to reconcile the difference between the legal and real educational reality of the Pakistani youth.
Legal Pluralism in Pakistan: Navigating the Interplay of State Law, Sharia, and Customary Justice Systems
There is an intricate foreplay of formal state legislation, Islamic jurisprudence (Sharia), and customary practices (e.g., Jirga and Panchayat) that influence legal pluralism in Pakistan. This duality gives some opportunities and challenges in the delivery of justice, especially in the rural and tribal regions where much of the informal systems dominate the formal legal systems. Such problems as clashes between constitutional freedoms and traditional values, gender differences in the results of justice, and discrimination against vulnerable groups through parallel structures can be identified. Although the laws have a moral basis in terms of Islamic principles, the interpretation of these principles is diverse, and this makes them have inconsistencies in their application. The reasoned judiciary is backlogged and inefficient to an extent that it supports the use of informal mechanisms. Nonetheless, legal pluralism also provides opportunities to resolve disputes in a culturally sensitive way. This paper will look at the historical background, theoretical models, and the current expressions of legal pluralism in Pakistan, the systemic loopholes, and how the systems can be harmonized without conflicting with the rights of men and constitutional provisions.
Copyrights in Islam and Pakistan: Ethical Perspectives and Legal Framework
While not explicitly addressed in classical Islamic jurisprudence, copyright in Islam finds its roots in the principles of intellectual property protection and fair exchange upheld by Islamic ethics. The Qur'an encourages respect for others' rights and forbids unjust appropriation. Islamic scholars interpret this to encompass intellectual property rights. The concept of ‘ijtihad,’ or independent legal reasoning, allows adaptation to modern contexts, including copyright law. Islamic history reveals protection for intellectual creations, such as scholars' attribution rights over their works. Contemporary Islamic legal scholars engage in discussions on copyright, emphasizing the protection of authors' rights and promoting creativity within Islamic ethical boundaries. While copyright law in Muslim-majority countries often aligns with international standards, some scholars advocate for a more comprehensive integration of Islamic principles into copyright legislation to ensure equitable protection for creators while fostering innovation and knowledge dissemination. This article contributes to the existing literature on intellectual property rights by providing a distinct perspective rooted in Islamic jurisprudence. It aims to acquire a more profound knowledge of the convergence of religion, law, and technology in shaping legal frameworks that promote creativity, innovation, and social welfare by investigating the concepts, applications, and current controversies surrounding copyrights in Islam.
Copyright, Ethics, Ijtihad, Intellectual Property, Islam
Global Lessons, Local Solutions - Integrating International Perspectives into Intimate Partner Violence in Pakistan
In Pakistan, intimate partner violence is an ugly truth that affects everyone, particularly women. The laws are there to prosecute the guilty and save the victims, but they just fail when implemented. The victims usually hush up the matter due to societal embarrassment, fear of retaliation, financial difficulties, or simply being unaware of the legal recourse. There are legal assistance, shelters, and NGOs that attempt to put things together, but these are scant and in patchy areas. The judicial proceedings are protracted and the requirements of proof are astronomical, so that a successful prosecution or protective measure is a roll of the dice. Strong traditions and rigid, old-fashioned patriarchal values simply allow violence to simmer. The government, of course, makes its attempts, with such measures as awareness campaigns and helplines, which, in most situations, barely push the change into motion, but in isolation, those measures seldom suffice. In many cases, a wide range of states actually does.
Assistance Mechanisms, Awareness, Insight, International Perspectives, Prevention
Strengthening Environmental Law in Pakistan - Institutional, Policy, and Stakeholder Dimensions of Effective Governance
This paper examines the potential and challenges that may be faced in implementing environmental laws in Pakistan. It dwells on the legal framework of Pakistan, which comprises laws, regulations, and institutional mechanisms of environmental protection. This paper seeks to critically analyze the ecological legislation in Pakistan and identify the key components of the bill, like stakeholder participation, policy goodwill, and enforcement capabilities, that determine the effective execution of the laws in Pakistan. The presence of strong legislative systems, institutional inefficiencies, resource unavailability, and coordination among the relevant actors makes effective implementation challenging. Another criterion used in the study is how the enforcement and regulatory efforts promote environmental degradation and achieve sustainable development. Certain improvements have been made, especially in terms of minimization of pollution and biodiversity loss, yet the area that requires improvement is waste management, air quality, and water resource management. With all said above in mind, the report provides recommendations for the enhancement of environmental governance in Pakistan and makes the process of its enforcement more effective. These are increased stakeholder participation, awareness creation, institution-building, and policy enhancement. Another important insight gained during the study is the importance of working with the organizations that represent the commercial sector, academia, and civil society to promote collective action and the development of an environmentally aware culture.
Conservation, Organizations, Pollution, Public Participation, Regulations
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Application of 3D Motion Capture Technology in Sports Performance Analysis: A Comparative Study of Bowling Biomechanics among University-Level Female Cricketers
This paper examines the use of motion capture technology in three-dimensional motion capture in the biomechanical and psychological research of bowling performance in female university cricketers in Pakistan. The study looks at the correlations between Kinematic Efficiency (KE) and Training Load Intensity (TLI) as independent variables, Bowling Performance (BP) as the dependent variable and moderating variables, which are Psychological Readiness (PR) and Fatigue Level (FL). Applying a quantitative research design and survey methodology, 277 respondents who participated in the survey are female cricketers in major university sports institutions were used to collect the data. The findings reveal that the positive effect of Kinematic Efficiency on the performance of bowlers is quite substantial, which explains why the integrity of biomechanical coordination is essential. The advantage of efficient motion patterns on athletic performance gets further increased by the effect of the Psychological Readiness, but the effect of the Fatigue Level is also negligible and nonsignificant. These results are important to note, as they indicate the need to stay at the optimal training load and bring psychological readiness to continue high levels of athletic performance. The implementation of 3D motion capture is a sound analytical platform of objective performance measuring and technique optimization. Finally, technological performance measurement with its support of the psychological preparation and strict control of the working load can significantly improve the competitive outcomes of the female athletes.
3D Motion Capture, Kinematic Efficiency (KE), Psychological Readiness (PR), Training Load Intensity (TLI), Fatigue Level, Bowling Performance, Female Athletes