The AL-HAYAT Research Journal (AHRJ), accredited in the Y Category by HJRS, HEC and published by the AL-HAYAT RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED. Previously it was published by JLALI RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED and is a quarterly, trilingual (English, Arabic, Urdu), double-blind, peer-reviewed, open-access journal, available online (ISSN 3006-4767) and in print (ISSN 3006-4759). AHRJ promotes interreligious harmony, multidisciplinary research, academic excellence, intellectual exchange, and open-access knowledge while empowering emerging scholars. It bridges academia and society, fostering understanding and global peace by providing a platform for critical insights across Religious Studies, Social Sciences, and Arts and Humanities.
AL-HAYAT RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED
N. M. Rashid’s Poem “Abu Lahab ki Shadi”: A Study of the Historical, Civilizational, and Cultural Context of Arab Society
M. Rashid occupies a seminal position in Urdu literature. His literary career is marked by a series of remarkable poetic achievements, and his contribution to the enrichment of the Urdu language is widely acknowledged. Rashid’s strong command of the Persian idiom enabled him to experiment with diverse forms of artistic expression, which continue to fascinate and inspire literary connoisseurs. Moreover, he introduced a wide and distinctive range of themes into Urdu poetry, allowing successive generations of readers to discover new and innovative meanings in his work. “Abu Lahab ki Shadi” (The Marriage of Abu Lahab) is among Rashid’s most significant and aesthetically accomplished poems. Abu Lahab functions as a powerful and frequently invoked metaphor representing intransigence, hypocrisy, cunning, and intellectual stagnation. While Rashid appears to employ this figure within its traditional symbolic framework, the poem itself is rich with multiple layers of meaning. This article examines the poem by integrating its essential and classical interpretation with more persuasive contemporary connotations. Such reinterpretations become particularly relevant in a world that has shifted from overt colonial domination to more complex and subtle forms of control over subaltern territories, resources, cultures, and civilizations. By fusing tradition with twenty-first-century sensibilities, the author offers a more comprehensive reading of the poem, encouraging readers to revisit and re-explore the text with renewed critical insight.
N. M. Rashid, Abu Lahab ki Shadi, Arab Society, Historical and Cultural Context, Symbolism
Copyright (c) 2025 AL-HAYAT Research Journal (AHRJ) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Critical Research Review of Edward Said’s and Ibn Warraq’s Views on Orientalism and Orientalists
With the rise of Islam, interactions with Christian and Jewish communities were often shaped by political conflict, military confrontation, and ideological opposition; however, over time it became apparent that direct confrontation was ineffective in influencing Muslim societies, leading Western scholars to engage in systematic study of Islamic sources, history, and civilization—an intellectual enterprise that later developed into what is known as Orientalism. Within this tradition, three broad orientations of Orientalists can be identified: first, those whose deep engagement with Islamic studies ultimately led them to embrace Islam, such as Martin Lings and Maurice Bucaille; second, those who did not convert but offered balanced and sympathetic interpretations of Islam, defending it against misrepresentations and critiquing earlier Orientalist biases, including scholars such as Edward Said and Karen Armstrong; and third, those who adopted a polemical and hostile approach, portraying Islam as an inherently violent religion and questioning the authenticity of its Prophet and foundational teachings. This study analyzes these three orientations in order to demonstrate the diversity within Orientalist discourse and to assess its intellectual and ideological implications for the academic study of Islam.
Orientalism, Orientalist Scholarship, Islam and the West, Edward Said, Critiques of Islam
A Reflective Turn in CDA Pedagogy: Applying a Sociocognitive Lens to Self-Reported Shifts in Critical Awareness
The qualitative research design explores the perceived effects of learning Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) on students' critical reading awareness at English as a Foreign Language (EFL) university. Dropping the research based on the intervention, it uses students' self-reports of changes in their attitudes towards texts after completing a CDA course. Data were gathered with the help of five undergraduate students in a two-stage process, i.e., a written before/after reflection task on a news article and a discussion during a focus group. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis based on van Dijk's sociocognitive framework, organized into three levels: semantic, cognitive, and social awareness. Results show a distinct self-reported process of transitioning between surface-level reading and critical literacy. The participants discussed shifting the emphasis from vocabulary and literal meaning to lexical bias and framing (semantic); the presence of textual authority in doubting its interpretation and situating meaning (cognitive); and the perception of texts as neutral, leading to the identification of underlying ideologies and power dynamics (social). The study finds that a short-term CDA training program with structured reflective practice can help foster long-term critical thinking. It suggests that incorporating reflective practice into CDA instruction is pedagogically important for making critical awareness visible and viable to students.
Critical Discourse Analysis, Sociocognitive Approach, Critical Literacy, EFL Learners, Reflective Practice, Self-Reported Change, Discourse Awareness
The Social Reasons for the Destruction of Previous Nations in Light of the Prophetic Tradition and its Impact on the Islamic Nation (An Analytical and Critical Study)
This paper highlights the theoretical origins of destruction in the light of Sunnah of Holy Prophet (Peace be upon Him) and explores its grounds in contemporary era among Muslim Ummah. The study suggests the best possible strategy to leave dreadful practices for the promotion of humanity. Such practices have deleted nations from the map of the universe according to Ḥadīth literature. It gives new lessons to Muslim Ummah for the betterment and development keeping shine cods for non-Muslims in current time. Even in postmodern time, the Ḥadīth literature provides high distinguish to learn useful ways for all humanity. The Holy Prophet (Peace be upon Him) used the divine communication protocols with non-believers to adopt peace in the society for uprising the sacred mission to every corner of the world. The Holy Prophet (Peace be upon Him) has had vision to build social stability because of uttering previous destructive practices. Muslim Ummah may leave such practices and get valuable ethics for social stability. The analytical recommendations can be fruited for Muslim and non-Muslim nations especially in the current challenging situations in the world.
Previous Nations, Destruction, Causes, Sunnah, Influence, Ummah
Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain Integration in Islamic Banking: Opportunities, Efficiency Gains, and Emerging Challenges
In recent years, Islamic financial and banking institutions have increasingly adopted artificial intelligence (AI) technologies as a strategic tool to enhance operational efficiency, automate complex banking processes, improve service quality, and strengthen their competitive positioning within both domestic and global financial markets. The accelerating digital transformation of the financial sector has compelled Islamic banks to explore advanced technological solutions that align with Shariah principles while addressing modern operational demands. This paper aims to emphasize the growing importance of artificial intelligence, encompassing both centralized and decentralized models, and to examine its role in improving the performance, resilience, and service quality of Islamic banking institutions. The study highlights the defining characteristics of centralized and decentralized AI systems and explores the opportunities they offer Islamic banks in optimizing operations, improving customer engagement, and sustaining competitiveness in an increasingly dynamic market environment. Furthermore, the paper underscores the importance of integrating blockchain technology with AI to enhance transparency, security, and trust in banking operations. It recommends that Islamic banks intensify their adoption of AI applications through the development of robust digital infrastructure, continuous staff training, and the implementation of comprehensive measures to ensure data security, privacy protection, and transaction transparency. In addition, the study calls upon supervisory and regulatory authorities, particularly central banks and related institutions, to establish effective governance frameworks, regulatory standards, and ethical guidelines to oversee the responsible and Shariah-compliant use of artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies in Islamic banking systems.
Artificial intelligence; blockchain technology; Islamic banks; Islamic financial institutions
Digital Transformation of Islamic Banking in Indonesia: Opportunities and Challenges in the Modern Islamic Economy in the New World Order
Digital transformation has become a major force in shaping the global financial industry, including the Islamic banking sector in Indonesia. This study looks at the main opportunities and challenges of digital transformation in Indonesia's Islamic banking system and suggests strategies that follow the principles of Makasid Sharia. Using a descriptive qualitative method, the study examined libraries and analyzed content from academic articles, policy documents, and Islamic financial data. It found that digitization improves service efficiency, increases customer access, helps manage digital decline and waqfs more effectively, and speeds up the growth of microfinance. However, there are several challenges, such as limited technology infrastructure, low levels of digital and Islamic financial knowledge, a shortage of professionals who understand both technology and Islamic law, and a lack of full digital Sharia regulations. Also, there is a risk of violating Sharia rules, especially when using blockchain and smart contracts, which needs careful attention. The study suggests incorporating Islamic values into technology design, building a strong digital Sharia ecosystem, and promoting collaboration and knowledge among all involved parties. Therefore, digital transformation in Islamic banking is not just about new technology, but also about values that help create a more inclusive, fair, and sustainable Islamic financial system.
Islamic banking, digital transformation, Maqasid-al-Sharia, Islamic economy, Sharia compliance
Copyright (c) 2024 AL-HAYAT Research Journal (AHRJ) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Methods of Teaching, Students’ Initial Learning and Delayed Retention Learning: A Study of Public Sector Colleges in Lahore
The current research was conducted to observe the influence of various teaching means on the learning of students in terms of the initial learning (IL) and delayed retention learning (DRL). The IL and DRL of students who were taught using lecture method and those taught using discussion method were compared in the study. The research involved the quasi-experimental pre-test post-test design. The sample comprised of the public sector colleges in Lahore providing graduate courses and one college was chosen by purposive sampling. The sample was intact classes of the subject Education in that college. The two groups were the same in terms of content in the course but the method employed in teaching acted as the independent variable. To gauge the initial learning, created a multiple choice test based on course outline. The items were validated using item analysis and reliability of the test was as well estimated. The findings revealed that there was a difference in initial learning and delayed retention scores of lecture group and discussion group. Nevertheless, the comparison of the male and female students was not statistically significant. These results indicate that more interactive strategies like discussion can assist the students to learn more initially and to recall the content over a longer duration as opposed to a teaching approach that relies primarily on the lecture.
lecture approach, discussion approach, initial learning (IL), delayed retention learning (DRL), gender differences
Reformative Aspects and Practical Guidance in the Light of al-Fiqh al-Akbar: Solutions to Modern Intellectual Deviations
This study examines the reformative significance of al-Fiqh al-Akbar by Imam Abu Hanifa (رحمه الله) in preserving orthodox Sunni belief and addressing contemporary ideological deviations, particularly liberalism, secularism, denial of Hadith, and subjective reinterpretations of the Qur’an prevalent in modern Pakistani society. Imam Abu Hanifa establishes a comprehensive doctrinal framework rooted entirely in Qur’an and Sunnah, beginning with the correct determination of faith (īmān) and its foundations. The doctrine of Divine Speech (Kalam Allah) is presented with remarkable clarity: the Qur’an is the uncreated, eternal speech of Allah, while its recitation, writing, and memorization are created human acts. This distinction decisively refutes claims that the Qur’an is a historical or sociological product subject to evolving human reason. By affirming the eternality of Divine Speech, Imam Abu Hanifa safeguards revelation from secular relativism and liberal reinterpretation. Furthermore, the Imam’s balanced exposition of Divine Knowledge, Decree, and Predestination dismantles both fatalistic misuse of destiny and modern denial of divine will. Allah’s knowledge is eternal, complete, and unchanging, yet human responsibility and moral accountability remain intact. This equilibrium forms the ethical foundation of faith, effort, and accountability. In the doctrine of Prophethood, Imam Abu Hanifa articulates the Sunni position that the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is both human and the most excellent of humanity, uniquely distinguished by revelation. This balance corrects modern distortions that either diminish Prophethood to moral symbolism or challenge the finality and authority of the Sunnah. Thus, al-Fiqh al-Akbar emerges not merely as a theological text but as a timeless reformative manifesto that fortifies Muslim belief against intellectual confusion, ideological extremism, and secular erosion, ensuring the preservation of authentic Islamic faith and societal integrity.
Al-Fiqh al-Akbar, Sunni Orthodoxy, Divine Speech (Kalam Allah), Imān and Creed, Refutation of Liberalism, Authority of Sunnah, Contemporary Ideological Deviations
A Research Review of Pakhtun Traditions and Customs in an Islamic Context
The Pashtun society is deeply rooted in a unique set of cultural traditions and social practices collectively known as (پختونوالی) These traditions, while preserving the identity and cohesion of the Pashtun community, often interact with the religious values of Islam. This research examines Pashtun customs and rituals in the light of Islamic teachings, highlighting points of convergence and divergence. Positive aspects such as hospitality)مہمان نوازی), honor and dignity (ننگ وناموس, and communal decision-making through Jirga( reflect strong compatibility with Islamic principles of brotherhood, respect, and consultation (Shure). However, practices like blood feuds, excessive expenditures in weddings, and honor-related violence diverge from Islamic injunctions. The study argues that while Pashtun culture possesses many values consistent with Islam, it also requires reform in areas where tradition contradicts Sharia, ensuring a balanced cultural and religious identity for Pashtun society.
Pakhtun, traditions, customs, Islamic context, research review
The Resonance of Ecofeminism in Modern Urdu Short Stories — A Critical Study
Modern Urdu fiction, in its intellectual and aesthetic orientation, incorporates themes that reveal the interrelation between human existence, ecological balance, social structures, and gender sensitivity. Within this framework, ecofeminism functions as a significant theoretical paradigm, illuminating the shared dimensions of oppression, exploitation, and structural domination experienced simultaneously by women and nature. The objective of this study is to analyze how contemporary Urdu short fiction embodies the foundational concepts of ecofeminism—such as patriarchal power dynamics, environmental degradation, the symbolic positioning of women, and the metaphorical significance of nature—within its narrative strategies, characterization, and thematic compositions. Through analytical and comparative close reading methods, the study demonstrates that ecological crises and gender inequalities are not merely scientific or sociological issues; rather, they constitute integral elements of literary discourse that contribute to the articulation of social justice, human–environment interdependence, and resistant consciousness. The findings reveal that modern Urdu fiction not only engages meaningfully with ecofeminist thought, but also transforms it into a potent mode of literary resistance aligned with struggles for environmental and gender justice.
Modern Urdu Fiction, Ecological Crisis, Patriarchal Structures, Woman and Nature, Social Justice, Symbolic Narrative
Rafi-ud-Din Zaki Qureshi’s Ghazal Writing: A Technical Study
Zaki Qureshi is a renowned and accomplished poet who is recognized both in Pakistan and abroad. His poetry is marked by simplicity and softness of expression, which is why his verses immediately touch the heart. There is a natural fluency in his style that draws the reader in. His poetry reflects depth of emotions and feelings. He beautifully expresses various aspects of love, humanity, and life. His ghazals exhibit a tone of tenderness, sincerity, and purity that leaves a lasting impression on the reader. Zaki Qureshi’s poetic tradition is also deeply connected with classical poets such as Iqbal and Ghalib. The intensity of emotions in his poetry reminds one of Iqbal, while the elevation of thought and cultural resonance echoes Ghalib. However, he does not merely imitate classical traditions; instead, he adds new layers of meaning to them. This quality distinguishes him as not just a traditional poet, but as a creative continuation of the poetic tradition. After analyzing Zaki Qureshi’s ghazals, it becomes clear that his thematic range is wide and diverse. Alongside love, his poetry also explores themes of time, memory, selfhood, relationships, humanity, and emotional sensitivity. The image of woman in his poetry is presented with respect and dignity, which reflects his intellectual refinement. For this reason, his poetry does not remain confined to any narrow framework, but instead opens up to a broad landscape of life. Zaki Qureshi has preserved the classical spirit of the ghazal while integrating the demands of the contemporary age. His work contains both the delicacy of classical aesthetics and the freshness of modern thought. He has continued the legacy of Mir and Ghalib, yet his style remains distinctly his own. What makes his poetry unique is his ability to express profound emotions in a few words. His ghazals possess a special psychological depth. He speaks more through silence than through words—and this is the true beauty of his art.
Urdu Poetry, Classical Traditions, Diverse Themes, Romantic Sentiments and Emotions, Contemporary Trends
Islamic Epistemology versus Postmodern Relativism: A Critical Refutation of Internalized Postmodern Hermeneutics in Contemporary Muslim Thought
Contemporary Muslim thought has increasingly become postmodern in terms of how Muslims understand knowledge and truth. Postmodernism challenged the idea of objective truth and authoritative interpretation in religious contexts; yet, it has had far greater implications in recent years in how Muslims understand their scripture and law with regard to the application of identity-based, reader-centered and historicist approaches to the Qur'an and Shari'ah. The purpose of this paper is to identify the epistemological implications of such postmodern thinking and to argue that postmodern relativism directly challenges the fundamental principles of knowledge in Islam. This paper utilizes the basic components of classical Islamic epistemology - namely, waḥy (revelation), Sunnah (Prophetic authority), ijma' (scholarly consensus), and qias (disciplined reason/aql) - to illustrate how they collectively form a coherent and durable system of knowing truth, morality, and interpreting the Qur'an and Shari'ah. In addition, the paper demonstrates that the reinterpretive movement in contemporary times that has been influenced by postmodern thought is not simply an attempt to offer alternative interpretations of the scripture and law, but rather creates a new set of standards for determining what constitutes meaningfulness and normativity in Islamic law. This, in turn, has the possibility of rendering the epistemological authority of revelation irrelevant, and to fragment the Islamic moral discourse. To counteract this trend the author of the paper argues that Islam possesses its own methods of renewal - i.e., through the use of ijtihad (independent reasoning), maqasid al-shariah (the purposes/goals of the Shariah), and tajdid (Islamic reform/renewal) - and therefore affords contemporary Muslims the opportunity to address their particular, contextual situations, while at the same time maintaining morally universal truths in an epistemically secure manner. Ultimately, the author presents a strategic counter-attack against postmodern relativism using Islamic epistemology, while also highlighting the need for renewed epistemological confidence amongst contemporary Muslim scholars. The author concludes that whether or not Islam will remain relevant in the modern world is dependent on Islam's affirmation of being a source of objective, transcendent truth as opposed to the relativization of the nature of revelation.
Postmodernism, Relativism, Hermeneutics, Revelation, Sharīʿah, Authority, Ijtihād, Certainty, Ijma, Qias
Interlinking Globalization, Digitalization, and Financial Inclusion in Islamic Banking
The fast growth of Islamic banking, along with the rise of financial technologies, has brought major challenges for banks that follow Sharia rules. It is very important to deal with these issues because more people around the world are interested in Islamic banking as an alternative to regular banks. This chapter looks at how financial technologies and digital globalization are affecting Islamic banking, and it explores the main difficulties and ways to solve them. The chapter also highlights the need to improve the digital experience and build better systems and human resources. It also points out some risks linked to digital financial inclusion, like the use of third parties, agency networks, higher costs, and worries about keeping personal data safe. The chapter suggests that lawmakers and leaders should work harder to create laws, systems, policies, and rules that help use fintech and digital financial inclusion in Islamic banking.
Islamic banking, financial technology (fintech), Sharia compliance, digital globalization, digital financial inclusion, Islamic fintech, regulatory framework, protection and security of personal data, financial infrastructure, policy and governance
A comparative study of the theories of Imam al-Shatibi and Imam Izz al-Din ibn al-Salam on the objectives of Shariah Maqasid al-Shariah
The title of this article is "A comparative study of the theories of Imam al- Shatibi and Imam Izz al Din ibn al- Salam on the objectives of Shariah Maqasid Shariah". This research offers a comparative analysis of the theories of two great scholars in the field of Maqasid al-Shariah (Objectives of Islamic Law): Imam Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi (Maliki) and Imam Izz al-Din ibn Abd al-Salam (Shafi'i). Both were foundational figures in legal reasoning and the derivation of rulings in Islamic jurisprudence. Imam al-Shatibi, in his masterpiece Al-Muwafaqat, systematized the theory of Maqasid, emphasizing the five essential objectives (hifdh al-din, nafs, aql, nasl, mal) and providing a framework for understanding the purposes of rulings. Conversely, Imam ibn Abd al-Salam further organized Maqasid by linking them with the concept of Maslaha (public interest), delving deeper into the philosophy behind rulings, thereby adding a new dimension to jurisprudential reasoning, especially in highlighting the "objective" as a primary source of Shariah. This study highlights the similarities and differences in their theories, points out their intellectual evolution, and underscores their enduring contribution to the understanding of Islamic law.
Maqasid al-Shariah, Imam al-Shatibi, Imam Izz al-Din ibn Abd al-Salam, Maslaha, Objectives of Islamic Law, Comparative Study
The Thoughts of Imam al-Ghazali and Imam al-Shatibi on the Objectives of Sharia (Maqasid al-Sharia) and Their Impact on the Sciences of Maqasid al-Sharia
This study examines the intellectual contributions of Imam Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali and Imam Abu Ishaq Al-Shatibi to the theory and science of Maqasid al-Shariah, with particular emphasis on their impact on the systematic development of this discipline. The study adopts an analytical and comparative methodology to explore how Imam al-Ghazali laid the foundational theoretical framework of Maqasid by defining human interest (Masalih) as the core objective of Islamic law and by formulating the concept of the five essential objectives: the protection of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property. Imam al-Ghazali further classified human interests into necessities, needs, and embellishments, thereby providing a structured hierarchy for legal reasoning within Usul al-Fiqh. Building upon these foundations, Imam al-Shatibi advanced Maqasid al-Shariah into an independent and coherent science through an inductive approach based on a comprehensive examination of the Qur’an and Sunnah. Imam al-Shatibi emphasized the universality, certainty, and centrality of Maqasid in Islamic legal interpretation, introducing key concepts such as the intent of the lawgiver (Qasd al-Shari‘) and the intent of the legally responsible individual (Qasd al-Mukallaf). The study concludes that while Imam al-Ghazali established the conceptual and theoretical basis of Maqasid theory, Imam al-Shatibi perfected it into a systematic methodological framework, making Maqasid al-Shariah a vital tool for both classical jurisprudence and contemporary Islamic legal thought.
Maqasid al-Shariah, Imam al-Ghazali, Imam al-Shatibi, Masaleh, Usul al-Fiqh, Islamic Jurisprudence
Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding in the Prophetic Seerah: An Analytical Study of the Madinan Period
This study examines the principles of conflict resolution and peacebuilding as exemplified in the Prophetic Seerah during the Madinan period. It analyzes key events, treaties, and social policies implemented by Prophet Muhammad ﷺ to address internal and external conflicts, including the Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah, the Charter of Madinah, and interactions with diverse tribal and religious communities. Using a qualitative-analytical approach, the research explores how ethical leadership, strategic diplomacy, and adherence to moral and religious principles fostered social cohesion, minimized violence, and established long-term stability. The study highlights the relevance of these practices for contemporary conflict resolution, emphasizing the integration of justice, consultation (shūrā), and reconciliation within governance and intercommunal relations. By critically examining the Madinan Seerah, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the Prophetic model of peacebuilding and its practical application in modern societal contexts.
Prophetic Seerah; Madinan Period; Conflict Resolution; Peacebuilding; Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah; Charter of Madinah; Islamic Leadership; Intercommunal Harmony
A Critical and Analytical Study of the Principles of Orientalism and Post-Orientalism
This research article provides a critical and analytical examination of the epistemological shift from classical Orientalism to Post-Orientalism, investigating the underlying principles that have shaped Western academic discourse on the Muslim world. It elucidates how classical Orientalism functioned not merely as a scholarly pursuit but as a Eurocentric tool for imperial domination, portraying the Orient as stagnant to justify colonial rule. While acknowledging Edward Said's pivotal role in exposing this power-knowledge nexus, the study also brings to light significant pre-Saidian critiques by scholars like A.L. Tibawi and Anouar Abdel-Malek. Furthermore, the research expands on Post-Orientalist thought by integrating Homi K. Bhabha’s concepts of "mimicry" and "hybridity," alongside Gayatri Spivak’s critique of "Colonial Feminism." A key finding of this study is the emergence of "Neo-Orientalism" in the post-9/11 era, arguing that contemporary discourse has transitioned from biological racism to "cultural racism," where Islamic values are deemed incompatible with modernity. The article concludes by recommending that Muslim scholars move beyond defensive apologetics and strive for the decolonization of knowledge to construct an autonomous narrative rooted in indigenous epistemologies.
Orientalism, Post-Orientalism, Edward Said, Neo-Orientalism, Eurocentrism, Colonial Feminism, Decolonization of Knowledge, Cultural Racism
Practical Struggle for the Establishment of an Islamic System in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (A Review)
The Creator and Owner of the earth is Allah, and therefore His commands are supreme and must be enforced on it. A person who abandons Allah’s guidance to follow his own desires or the dictates of others is considered a rebel and a polytheist. Allah sent humanity to this world with the instruction to live according to His commands and sent prophets to guide mankind in fulfilling this purpose. The final prophet, Muhammad (peace be upon him), established an Islamic state governed by Allah’s law, demonstrating that a society can achieve peace, prosperity, and collective well-being when ruled by divine guidance. In my research paper, "Practical Struggle for the Establishment of an Islamic System in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (A Review)," I argue that the implementation of Allah’s law in Pakistan is essential for creating a just, harmonious, and progressive society.
Owner of the Earth, Command of Allah, Last Prophet Muhammad, Islamic State, Law of Allah, Good Society
Incorporating Artificial Intelligence Tools in Islamic Education in Pakistan: Prospects and Islamic Legal Boundaries
In the contemporary digital era, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming education globally, and Islamic education in Pakistan is no exception. With millions of students enrolled in traditional madrasas, modern Islamic schools, and universities studying the Quran, Hadith, Fiqh, and other religious sciences, the integration of AI-based educational tools presents substantial opportunities. These include personalized and adaptive learning, improved accessibility in remote regions, enhanced teacher support through automation of administrative tasks, and facilitation of research in Islamic studies—such as Tajweed practice, Arabic language instruction, Hadith chain verification, and rapid access to Tafsir resources. Such advancements can bring Pakistani Islamic education closer to international standards, empowering the youth to engage with the modern world while preserving core religious values and spiritual integrity. Nevertheless, this integration poses significant Shariah and ethical challenges, including concerns over the authenticity and verification of information, protection of student privacy, the indispensable role of human teachers in moral and spiritual nurturing, and the potential for misuse or over-reliance on AI. Issuing fatwas or fully depending on AI for religious rulings is impermissible, as it lacks human ijtihad and contextual understanding. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of these opportunities and Shariah boundaries within the Pakistani context, grounded in recent empirical studies and established Islamic jurisprudential principles. It concludes with practical recommendations for a balanced framework that maximizes AI's benefits while ensuring adherence to Shariah, thereby enabling Islamic education to thrive effectively in the modern age.
Artificial Intelligence, Personalized Learning, Digital Accessibility, Spiritual Training
Application of 3D Motion Capture Technology in Sports Performance Analysis: A Comparative Study of Bowling Biomechanics among University-Level Female Cricketers
This paper examines the use of motion capture technology in three-dimensional motion capture in the biomechanical and psychological research of bowling performance in female university cricketers in Pakistan. The study looks at the correlations between Kinematic Efficiency (KE) and Training Load Intensity (TLI) as independent variables, Bowling Performance (BP) as the dependent variable and moderating variables, which are Psychological Readiness (PR) and Fatigue Level (FL). Applying a quantitative research design and survey methodology, 277 respondents who participated in the survey are female cricketers in major university sports institutions were used to collect the data. The findings reveal that the positive effect of Kinematic Efficiency on the performance of bowlers is quite substantial, which explains why the integrity of biomechanical coordination is essential. The advantage of efficient motion patterns on athletic performance gets further increased by the effect of the Psychological Readiness, but the effect of the Fatigue Level is also negligible and nonsignificant. These results are important to note, as they indicate the need to stay at the optimal training load and bring psychological readiness to continue high levels of athletic performance. The implementation of 3D motion capture is a sound analytical platform of objective performance measuring and technique optimization. Finally, technological performance measurement with its support of the psychological preparation and strict control of the working load can significantly improve the competitive outcomes of the female athletes.
3D Motion Capture, Kinematic Efficiency (KE), Psychological Readiness (PR), Training Load Intensity (TLI), Fatigue Level, Bowling Performance, Female Athletes
The Provision of Education and Training for Women during the Era of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ
There can be no two opinions in Islam regarding women’s education. There is one firm and unequivocal command: women must be adorned with the jewel of knowledge, for an ignorant woman becomes a source of her society’s backwardness and disorder. By contrast a woman equipped with the ornament of knowledge discerns right from wrong, truth from falsehood, and permissible from impermissible. She navigates the challenges of life with grace. This knowledge makes her refined and cultured. By properly nurturing her children, she becomes a builder of a righteous community. Women’s education is not only essential for individual advancement but is indispensable for the progress of the entire society. The study of Islamic history and the noble life of the Prophet ﷺ reveal that several steps and arrangements were undertaken for the education and training of women during the Prophetic era. Although the Islamic state was still in its formative stages and formal educational institutions had not yet been established, the educational activities and strategic approach of the Prophet ﷺ clearly demonstrate how women's education was promoted in an organized and effective manner. This paper aims to highlight the education and training of women in the light of the Qur’an and Hadith.
Islam, women, education, training, knowledge, activities, organized, era
An Analytical Study of Qalb, Ṣadr, Fu’ād, and Lubb in the Qur’an: Meaning, Hierarchy, and Interrelationship
This article presents an analytical study of the Qur’anic concepts of qalb (heart), ṣadr (chest), fu’ād (inner heart), and lubb (pure intellect), examining their meanings, hierarchical order, and interrelationship within the Qur’anic worldview. Drawing on a close reading of Qur’anic verses, classical Arabic lexicons, and major works of Qur’anic exegesis, the study demonstrates that these terms do not function as mere synonyms, nor do they refer simply to a physical organ. Rather, they represent distinct yet interconnected dimensions of human inner consciousness, cognition, and moral responsibility. The article argues that ṣadr denotes the broad and initial inner domain where inclinations, desires, doubts, and openness or constriction toward guidance emerge; qalb functions as the central locus of faith, intention, understanding, and moral choice; fu’ād signifies the subtler faculty of intense perception, inner vision, and affective awareness; and lubb represents purified intellect and reflective consciousness, most clearly embodied in the Qur’anic category of ulū al-albāb. By situating these concepts in a coherent hierarchy, the study highlights the Qur’an’s integrated view of knowledge, faith, and action, showing that true guidance is not confined to rational cognition alone but is rooted in a harmonized inner structure combining perception, intention, ethical refinement, and spiritual illumination. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of Qur’anic anthropology and the moral–epistemic foundations of human accountability in the Qur’an.
Qalb, Ṣadr, Fu’ād, Lubb, Qur’anic Anthropology
Status of Academic Integrity in Special Education Schools for Children with Visual Impairment: Parents’ Perception
Parents are the key stakeholders in the special education services for children with visual impairment. Students with visual impairment suffer in their educational, social, and domestic lives due to their visual challenges. This study intends to seek the perception of the parents about academic integrity in the special education schools for visually impaired students. This study was quantitative and descriptive. The instrument of the study was a structured questionnaire. A sample of the study was the parents (N = 66) of children with visual impairment who were selected through the convenience sampling technique. Data was analyzed through SPSS software version 21. Descriptive and inferential statistics were administered to reach the results. Findings of the study revealed that few students with visual impairment are facilitated without an exam in their schools (mean =4.14). Additionally, a vast majority of parents observed that teachers are required to perform responsibly because the majority of teachers come late to classes, and some of them are involved in non-professional activities during school times (mean=3.62). This study recommended the implementation of effective policy and monitoring measures in the special education schools to promote academic integrity measures for the sake of quality learning of children with visual impairment.
Parents, children with visual impairment, Academic Integrity, Special Education, Schools
Transformational Leadership as a Mediating Mechanism between Workplace Civility and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the Software Industry
This study investigates the relationship between the perceived workplace civility climate and transformational leadership style in predicting organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) among software engineers. A correlational, cross-sectional design was employed, with a sample of 164 software engineers from Lahore, recruited through purposive sampling. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires measuring workplace civility, transformational leadership, and organizational citizenship behavior. The findings demonstrate a positive relationship between perceived workplace civility and organizational citizenship behavior. Transformational leadership partially mediates the relationship between perceived civility and organizational citizenship behavior, suggesting that promoting a polite and respectful workplace, along with effective and strong transformational leadership, can enhance voluntary helping behaviors among software engineering employees. The implications highlight the importance of organizational policies that encourage civility and leadership development to improve team cohesion, creativity, and productivity.
Transformational leadership, Workplace Civility, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Software Engineers
English Translation of “Ihya' Ulum Ad-Din” by Imam Ghazali Analytical Study of ‘Book: Patience and Gratitude’ in the light of Vinay and Darbelnet Translation Strategies
Religious Translation has unique challenges due to its spiritual and cultural in-depth. Translating religious text requires knowledge of the religion and culture to transfer the text from one language to another. Ihya' Ulum Ad-Din is one of the best works by Imam Ghazali, translated into English as ‘Revival of Religion’s Sciences’ by Mohammad Mahdi al-Sharif. This research focuses on ‘Book: Patience and Gratitude’ and analyzes it in the light of the Vinay and Darbelnet Translation Model. In the preface of the research, introduction to the topic and its importance, reasons for selecting the topic, research limits, literature review, research questions and research methodology are discussed. A brief introduction of Imam Ghazali, translator Mohammad Mahdi al-Sharif and translation scholars Vinay and Darbelnet have been discussed too. The research consists of two chapters; one of them discussing the importance of translation and Vinay and Darbelnet Translation Model. The second chapter is about the analytical study of the Book: Patience and Gratitude. Procedures from Direct Translation and Oblique Translation are applied in the translated work. The Translator maintained and preserved the meaning of the Source Text in the Target Text and he also focused on the target text reader. So, the findings of this research reveal that the Vinay and Darbelnet Translation Model is suitable for analyzing religious translation.
Religious Translation, Imam Ghazali, Mohammad Mahdi al-Sharif, Vinay and Darbelnet, Translation Strategies
Contemporary Challenges in the Authenticity and Interpretation of Hadith: A Research and Analytical Study
The Hadith, after the Holy Qur’an, constitutes the second foundational source of Islamic knowledge, law, and moral guidance. It not only elucidates Qur’anic teachings but also provides practical models for personal conduct, social relations, governance, and spirituality. Throughout Islamic history, scholars and hadith experts (muhaddithūn) have developed rigorous and sophisticated methodologies to preserve the authenticity of prophetic traditions. These include the science of isnād (chain of transmission), jarḥ wa taʿdīl (critical evaluation and verification of narrators), and meticulous textual analysis (dirāyah). Collectively, these disciplines safeguarded the integrity of Hadith literature for more than fourteen centuries. In the contemporary era, however, Hadith studies face a range of new challenges—both in terms of authenticity and interpretation. The rapid expansion of digital media has enabled the uncontrolled circulation of weak, fabricated, and decontextualized narrations, often shared without reference to scholarly verification. This trend is compounded by a widespread lack of basic literacy regarding Hadith sciences among the general public, making many Muslims vulnerable to misinformation. Interpretative challenges have also become more complex. Misunderstandings frequently arise from ignoring the socio-historical context of narrations, mistranslating key Arabic expressions, or selectively citing Hadith to support predetermined ideological positions. Moreover, modern intellectual discourses surrounding human rights, gender equity, governance, and ethical pluralism have increased the need for a contextualized, principled approach to interpreting Hadith—one that remains faithful to the prophetic message while engaging meaningfully with contemporary realities. This study examines these contemporary challenges, reviews the contributions of classical and modern scholars to the preservation and interpretation of Hadith, and proposes practical steps for strengthening Hadith literacy. The findings highlight the need for enhancing curricula in both madāris and universities, raising public awareness through mosques and digital platforms, developing global and accessible databases of authenticated Hadith, and cultivating scholarly responses to orientalist critiques and modern misconceptions. Ultimately, the research argues that the continued preservation, relevance, and authority of the Hadith in the modern world depend upon a balanced integration of classical methodologies with contemporary tools and pedagogies. By achieving this integration, the Muslim ummah can ensure that the prophetic legacy remains both authentically preserved and meaningfully applicable for future generations.
Authenticity of Hadith, Orientalist Critiques, Fabricated Narrations, Curriculum and Islamic Studies
Universal Brotherhood in Islam as a Guarantee for Global Social Cohesion
Islamic teachings articulate the concept of universal brotherhood - Ukhuwwah Islamiyyah - promoting social cohesion, mutual respect, and global harmony. The Qur’an and Sunnah stress human interconnectedness and call on believers to rise above divisions of race, ethnicity, and social strata. Universal brotherhood in Islam is pegged on common moral obligations, ethical behavior, and spiritual equality, thus serving as a blueprint toward building societies that are both inclusivist, just, and peaceful. The article assesses the concepts of universal brotherhood in Islam, notably the theological underpinnings, ethical imperatives, and practical applications in fostering social cohesion. Islam provides an exemplary model through the integration of spiritual guidance and social ethics to address contemporary challenges of division, prejudice, and conflict while ensuring dignity, justice, and cooperation in global communities.
Universal brotherhood; Islam; social cohesion; equality; Qur'anic principles; ethical conduct; global harmony; human interconnectedness; justice; compassion
The Role of Tolerance and Pluralism in Islam for Global Human Prosperity
Islamic teachings emphasize that tolerance and pluralism are the essence of global human prosperity and peaceful coexistence. The Holy Qur'an and Sunnah stress respect for diversity in faith, culture, and community, based on the premise that differences in humankind are one of the signs of Allah, intended to promote mutual understanding and collective enrichment. This paper explores the principles of tolerance and pluralism in Islam, their theological underpinning, ethical imperatives, and practical applications in advancing global human prosperity. Islam provides a model for building inclusive, just, and harmonious societies that are capable of successfully engaging with contemporary challenges of division, discrimination, and conflict by integrating spiritual guidance with social ethics.
Tolerance, pluralism, Islam, diversity, human prosperity, global coexistence, ethical guidance, Qur’anic principles, social harmony, and mutual respect
Islamic Principles of Proportionality in Warfare: Relevance to Drone and Remote Warfare
Modern warfare is developing at such a speed with regard to activities such as drone attacks and autonomous and remotely controlled military systems that the ethical and legal implications are considerable. In this regard, there is much that can be gained from the jurisprudence and laws relating to proportionality and justice and protecting civilians from within the context and traditions of Islam. In this analysis, the basic principles derived from Islam with regard to proportionality and justice during armed conflict and the potential application to more contemporary approaches such as drone strikes would be examined with reference to thebibliographic and legal literature on this subject and within the context of the relevant theology and traditions from the Qur'an and the traditions from the time of the Prophet. The basic thesis is that proportionality from the vantage point and traditions and ethos of Islam can offer a rich framework within which more content-driven approaches to and applications for remotely controlled military operations can and should take place.
Sharia law; proportionality; jus in bello; drone warfare; remote warfare; humanitarian ethics; civilian protection; Sharia principles; military responsibility; contemporary conflict; war and technology; Sharia law jurisprudence
The Usūlī Methodology in Uncovering Legal Causes: A Critical Analysis of Applications of the Method of Indication (Maslak Al-Īmā’)
Juristic rulings (Al-Aḥkām Al-Shar’iyyah) constitute the cornerstone of Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh). The Science of Usūl al-Fiqh (Islamic Legal Theory) is fundamentally dedicated to establishing the precise rules and methodologies that govern the process of deduction (Istinbāṭ) and the extraction of these rulings from their primary sources, chiefly the Qur'an and Sunnah. Central to this methodology is Sharī'ah Analogy (Al-Qiyās Al-Shar’ī), which represents one of the most vital proofs relied upon in jurisprudence, as it links the ruling of a new incident to that of a textually mandated incident due to their shared Effective Cause (Illah). Ascertaining this Effective Cause is the greatest analytical challenge facing the jurist (Mujtahid). Consequently, the Uṣūlīs devoted significant efforts to establishing the "Methods of Ascertaining the Cause" (Masālik al-Illah). These are the systematic ways that enable the jurist to identify the Cause, distinguishing between those Causes explicitly stated by the Lawgiver (known as the Transmitted Methods (Al-Masālik An-Naqliyyah) like Explicit Text and Consensus), and those that must be inferred through intellectual deliberation (known as the Rational Methods (Al-Masālik Al-'Aqliyyah) or Methods of Deduction). Among these Rational Methods, the Method of Indication (Maslak Al-Īmā') is considered one of the most subtle and prominent, relying heavily on understanding the context and verbal contextual clues (Al-Qarā'in Al-Lafẓiyyah) to extract the Cause which was not explicitly mentioned in the text. This research, therefore, aims to shed light on this crucial Uṣūlī methodology. It will clarify the concept of Masālik al-Illah and elucidate its main types; dedicate an in-depth analysis to the Method of Al-Īmā’, defining it linguistically and technically; and explain its detailed sub-sections and forms (such as associating the ruling with a description using the particle Fa’, or arranging it based on conditional clauses), all supported by authenticated scriptural examples. This detailed analysis ultimately aims to confirm the precision of the Uṣūlī methodology in inferring the Effective Causes, and to highlight the significance of Al-Īmā’ as an essential tool for linking rulings to their appropriate attributes, thus serving the Objectives of the Sharī'ah (Maqāṣid al-Sharī’ah).
Usūl al-Fiqh (Islamic Legal Theory), Aḥkām Shar’iyyah (Juristic Rulings), Istinbāṭ (Deduction), Qiyās (Sharī'ah Analogy), Masālik al-Illah (Methods of Ascertaining the Cause), Maslak Al-Īmā’ (Method of Indication)