The Impacts of Harmful Tribal Traditions on Women: A Case Study of Mastung District Balochistan

Abstract

Abstract

This research examines the detrimental effects of entrenched tribal traditions and customary practices on women in District Mastung, Balochistan, Pakistan. The study focuses particularly on practices such as Watta Satta (exchange marriages), honour killings, locally referred to as Karo-Kari and Siahkari, denial or restriction of girls’ education, early and forced marriages, and Vani/Swara, in which women and girls may be given in marriage as compensation for disputes or offences. Although these practices are often justified in the name of tribal honour, social cohesion, or customary norms, they can significantly restrict women’s rights, autonomy, and opportunities for social and economic development. The study employs a qualitative research approach to explore the lived experiences, perceptions, and challenges faced by women affected by these practices, while also examining the social and cultural mechanisms through which such traditions are maintained. The findings indicate that harmful customary practices have profound consequences for women’s access to education, physical and psychological well-being, personal autonomy, family decision-making, and economic and financial independence. The study further demonstrates that the persistence of these practices is associated with patriarchal social structures, limited awareness of legal rights, inadequate educational opportunities, social pressure, and the influence of traditional authority structures. The research argues that addressing gender-based inequality in Mastung requires more than formal legal provisions; it necessitates sustained social and institutional interventions. The study recommends expanding girls’ education, strengthening legal and judicial awareness, improving access to justice and social support services, empowering women economically, and engaging tribal elders, religious scholars, community leaders, and local institutions in reform-oriented initiatives. By examining the relationship between tribal customary practices and gender disparity, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the socio-cultural factors shaping women’s status in Balochistan and provides a framework for promoting dignity, equality, education, and greater social participation for women in tribal communities.