Hulafā' al-Fuḍūl (Covenant of the Virtuous): A Historical and Analytical Study of the Concept of Human Rights in Pre-Islamic Mecca

Abstract

The "Hulafā' al-Fuḍūl" (Covenant of the Virtuous) stands as a monumental historical agreement in pre-Islamic Mecca, symbolizing an early, significant commitment to justice and human rights in a society plagued by tribalism and exploitation. The agreement, initiated by several influential Quraysh tribes, aimed to protect the rights of the oppressed and eliminate injustice. Its establishment marked a pivotal shift towards collective ethical responsibility, making it a foundational event for social justice in the region. The paper explores the historical context and significance of the Hulafā' al-Fuḍūl, analyzing its objectives, motivations, and the key figures involved, including the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), who was a participant in this pact. The analysis addresses various reports and traditions surrounding the event, shedding light on its enduring legacy. The covenant's core values—promoting justice, defending the weak, and fostering unity among diverse tribes—prefigured the Islamic ethos of equity and communal responsibility. The paper also examines the impact of the agreement on later Islamic principles, with a particular focus on its relevance to the moral and ethical standards upheld by the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). The Hulafā' al-Fuḍūl is contextualized within the broader narrative of pre-Islamic Arabian society and the social dynamics that led to its formation. Through historical analysis and comparative study, the work demonstrates how the principles of the covenant resonate with Islamic values of justice, fairness, and solidarity.